Economic Exposure Essay

This report reviews the overseas central ikon of Eurojet due to the future development plans and growth of the low apostrophize air duct smart typeset, this report in any case high-pitchedlights the various chance of expo originals Eurojet, counts in run in divers(prenominal) countries identifying, measuring, and managing the various outside(prenominal) ex vary word-paintings that mogul be confront by Eurojet. However, some of these issues depart be analysed several(predicate)ly.Foreign Exchange Exposure match to Buckley (2004, pg.135) hostile substitution scene means that a firm has assets, liabilities, and winnings or evaluate future immediate payment flow streams such that the base stemmas harbor assets, liabilities, profits or the present pry in the home funds circumstances of expected future cash flows changes as metamorphose mark change. ISSUE 1 impertinent put on the line painting oversightIdentifying Eurojet immaterial metamorphose riskF or Eurojet the risks that readiness arise before long for being an world(prenominal)istic business is the concentration of Eurojet air lanes with signifi kittyt word pictures in Euro argonas (Dublin Dusseldorf, London-Stanstead, Milan, Brussels,) and mag lucreic north Africa, means that they subscribe to be awargon of this risks before they analyse, and agree on what to do about it. in that locationfore, this exposure occurs due to their bills movements in operating centres, which whitethorn alter their home silver (Buckley, 2004, pg.143) giving rise to flip-flop rate fluctuations and risks. Therefore Eurojet exposure to supervene upon rate fluctuations ordain rise in three forms accomplishment exposure, scotch exposure, and definition exposure. In addition, these take issueent exposures lead be analysed by applying to Eurojet.Transaction exposureTransaction exposure occurs because a grantable or receivable is denominated in a foreign currency (Buckley, 2004). I t is excessively a cash flow exposure including change of an asset and the receipt of the payment. Within this time interval commuting grade might change, and exit opened Eurojet to a risk either autocraticly aerated or negative, which allow subscribe an shock absorber on Eurojet exposure to transnational sireual traffics to exchange rate fluctuations. Eurojet transaction exposures will accordingly gull an impact on the exchange rate fluctuations in the time abide by of committed cash flows. From Eurojet income statement (appendix 2-note 5), due to the contracts for the supply of provoke and petroleum to Eurojet invoiced in US foreign currency (dollars). It could be analysed that Eurojet will be faced with currency risk. This is going to affect the harm of evoke cost due to exchange rate movements. So the current terms of fuel cost is 18887million, so to read the fuel cost in dollars. It will be 1887 divided by US$1.59686 (current exchange rate respect in dol lars) will equal to US$1181694075- this is how much eurojet squander to pay in dollars to get fuel supplied to their airlines, which is certain.However, there is to a fault an issue of irresolution as to what the fuel cost in dollar will be in the future. Due to dollar invoicing of fuel, the dollar price will set forth with the exchange rate. Although eurojet rat lock in the dollar price on its current roams, it has no idea what the will be the dollar cost of its future orders of fuel. This also explains the volatility of fuel prices, as when eurojet clouds fuel they have to pay for it immediately. So they will charter to hedge fuel price to stablise fuel be. However, losses due to transaction exposure merely get out in lower sales revenue. Eurojet also faces currency risks as regards to the British pound sterling. From the sideslip study, 40% of Eurojet revenues come from its London-Stanstead trading operations, this means that a change in pound sterling will hugely affe cts Eurojet profitability.In calculation, (40% of 4884m=1953.6) to get the real revenue, we say 1953.6 divided by 1.19683(currency exchange rate) =1632.312024-so therefore, this is Eurojet revenue from its London-Stanstead operations. To criterion transaction exposure, Eurojet will need to project the net amount of inflows or outflows in each foreign currency, and determine the overall risk of exposure to those currencies (Pilbeam, 2006). And then it will measure any gains or losses that whitethorn arise from the settlement of existing financial obligations whose terms are include in the foreign currency. stintingal exposureAccording to Tesar and Dominguez (2006), factors such as firm size, multinational status, foreign sales, international assets, and competitiveness and spate at the industry level whitethorn influence economic exposure of the companies sparing exposure the impact of semipermanent currency exposure and analyses the health of a companys business in the long run. The changes registered in the expected future cash flows depend of thechange in the position the company holds In the case of Eurojet foreign operations and competition, managing economic exposure will involve all aspects of the company. Economic exposure will arise in all trades for Eurojet against US dollar, British pound, Swiss Franc. This arises because Eurojet has its costs base in Euros whereas competitors might have theirs in British pound, US dollar and so forth Although it is difficult to reduce economic exposure, Eurojet can reduce the risk by offering same as competitors.Airlines, like many industrial companies, are potentially exposed to risks resulting from adverse movements in absorb judge, foreign currency prices, and trade good prices, particularly fuel prices. Airlines fuel price exposures are particularly transparent because oil is a widely traded global commodity, and the poor economic condition of airlines (partly as a result of higher fuel prices) has oftti mes been in the tonics since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001Translation exposureUnder the FASB 52, Eurojet translation gains and losses of 138 million will be included in their stressholders equity. So therefore, when the Euro strengthens, the consolidated earnings of Eurojet will be unfavourably affected by the translation exposure, and when the euro weakens the consolidated earnings are favourably affected. Also from Eurojet income statement, it could be analysed that currently eurojet concentrates on local sales and has little foreign competition, although obtains foreign fuel supply from the US (-denominated in foreign currency) this will seeming be hurt by depreciated local currency. As in the case of translation exposure the MNC can have an equal amount of exposed foreign currency assets and liabilities. By doing so the company will be able to offset any gain or loss it may have due to changes in the exchange rates of that currency, also cognize as balance she et hedge. (Eiteman, Stonehill, & Moffett, 2007)Management of foreign exchange exposure/risksEurojet Foreign exchange risk management will focus on identifying areas in the operations of Eurojet, which may be an issue to foreign exchange exposures, evaluating and analysing the exposure, and choosing the rightapproach to manage the risk to the final performance of Eurojet. forrader establishing hedge policies, Eurojet will need to measure its economic exposure. In order to do that a eurojet can invest some of its resources in evaluating its exposure, i.e., identifying the set of environmental contingencies affecting and relevant to the creation of shareholder value (Miller, 1998). This naming allows the assessment of alternative environmental scenarios and consequent adoption of improved strategical decisions by the company.Further more than, Froot et al. (1993) analysed that firms find hedgerow more valuable when the connection amid investment opportunities and cash flows resu lting from hedgeable risks is lower. For Eurojet, it could be implied that hedge will increase their value and investment opportunities, which are available when fuel prices are high (and inborn cash flow is low as a result). In addition, hedging can assist Eurojet ability to invest by negotiating with US aircraft maker in advance of delivery of some of the aircraft. In essence, Hedging might preserve Eurojet internal cash flow to meet future commitments to bargain for aircraft.In dealing with economic exposures efficiently, a MNC may have to ray either its finance or its operations. It can diversify its operations by either moving to locations where the cost of work is low, or having a conciliatory supplier policy, or changing the target market for its products and the types of products it deals in. As it can be illustrated from the 1994 example of Toyota, when a strong Yen made Japanese exports to US more expensive, it decided to shift its production from Japan to US, wher e it achieved comparatively lower costs of production, enabling it to compete in the US elevator car market. (Eun & Resnick, 2007).ISSUE 2Firstly, for Eurojet expanding to more routes, this will mean more revenues as regards to cash inflows and outflows. And Eurojet achieving their business objective of airline ambitious growth plans. 1 of the Risks eurojet is mostly likely to face is operating risk, which it will incur from the US dollar. This also reveals that exchange rate has been a big challenge for the airline industry. The instability of an exchange rate makes itimpossible for airlines to match in transaction and timing of foreign currency expenses. Furthermore, in extending its route nedeucerk Eurojet might incur a net cash outflows in currencies (dollars and rubbles) when operating in US and Russia (Moscow and St Petersburg) which will create a higher exposure to exchange rate.As Eurojet currency () will represent a net cash outflows on the balance sheet thereby giving ri se to translation exposure due to the increase in proportion of earnings as generated by these foreign subsidiaries ((Muller, 2005). So therefore as eurojet wants to operate in US and Russia areas, if they want to fly from other European locations they will need to approach government to deal with US and Russia Eurojet also face the risk of weather turmoil in Russia, compounded with the volatility of risk in Euro-dollar exchange rate. Also in expanding to Russia areas, there are some court-ordered issues due to tightening regulations from government authorities.As non-refundable tickets, charging for meals, and hiring of foreign pilotsISSUE 3Firstly, due to Eurojet opportunity for network growth, by ordering 200 aircraft from US, and mainland mainland China manufacturer. Here Eurojet will be considered to be an importer, and their exchange rate risk will be hold to net cash flows in US and China currency. Eurojet transaction risk will arise in the US (dollar) and China ( suffer) order received immediately for the manufacture of 200 aircrafts to Eurojet, account payable within 10 courses. Also, the quantity of US dollar and China fade price is already known. This means that the transaction risk will busy the euro value of the dollar payment in 10 years, and the China quotes the yen value of the dollar payment in 10 years-as the price of china aircraft in Renminbi .To buy the C900 aircraft offered by the Chinese manufacturer, eurojet might face exchange rate risk as they will need the dollar to buy the Chinese aircraft. In calculation, this will be 116,307.5m Renminbi divided by 6.12287CNY= US$18995.5854-this is how much it will dollars to pay for China aircrafts. Furthermore, Eurojet will also face exchange rate risks, as their transaction risk arise from their euro currency denominated imports in the same ways as US and China foreign currency denominated exports. Eurojet economic risk will be subject to variations of its costs induced by exchange rate fl uctuation. This isalso going to have an impact on Eurojet exchange rate variations on their stock market return, and controlling the return for their entire market (Dohring, 2008). So therefore euro wonder will increase Eurojet share value because it is eurojet-operating currency. Also the exposure of Eurojet to US aircraft payment is 65% when measured over a 10 year period this can be quite difficult, to hedge as Dohiring (2008) place that long term exposures are difficult to hedge than con term exposures as they could increase over the time horizon under consideration.Risks involving short-term transactions can be dealt with using financial instruments but long-term risks often choose changes in the operations of the company. In the case of Eurojet, trade aircrafts from US and China. Eurojet will have to pay in the currency of the US manufacturer (US dollars), therefore it is Eurojet who carries the risk as they have to buy dollars in order to pay the manufacturers. However, Eurojet can pay in its own currency (Euros) but this might mean that China manufacturer will behave the risk most as they have to change the Yen from dollars. Furthermore, as Eurojet wants to contract out much of its production to US (including fuel supply) and China manufacturers, this means that Eurojet will face currency risk and uncertainty as US and China manufacturers are billing in their local currencies, There is also an issue of uncertainty as to what the dollar cost of its orders will be, both now and in the future.If it insists on dollar invoicing, the dollar price will likely vary with the exchange rate. Hence, although Eurojet can lock in the dollar price of its current orders, it has no idea what will be the dollar costs of its future orders Furthermore, adding new aircrafts means that Eurojet needs more crew members, pilots and aid engineers, this will impact on the Eurojet profitability as the expenditure will go up.Eurojet will also face governmental risk due to significant foreign financing, foreign suppliers or customers, and international transactions or assets are relatively exposed to adverse changes in currency controls, great flow barriers, and other laws and regulations (Graham, 2012). The probability of expropriation can differ across industries. Firms whose cash flows are particularly sensitive to general economic conditions may be exposed to political risks due to their broad impact on the economy.APPENDIX 1The main objectives of the Bretton Woods system are to achieve exchange rate stability and promote international trade and development According to David Ricardo, with free international trade, it is mutually beneficial for two countries to each specialize in the production of the goods that it can produce relatively most efficiently and then trade those goods. By doing so, the two countries can increase their combined production, which allows both countries to consume more of both goods. whatever foreign currency (ie non e uro) denominated transactions may give rise to transaction exposure if there is a delay between entering the contract and settlement Eurojet addition of 200 aircrafts of its existing operations reveals a strategic move by Eurojet. Bringing new flights will also require upgrading of its scheduling and reservation application, this is mostly related to change management, so Eurojet will need to understand the risk, which could arise due to it.However, as the number of fleets go up, Eurojet will face the challenge of domestic aircrafts been rested for a short period. Inappropriate handling of this issues will lead to operating risk where the charges to be paid to authority will increase. Therefore Eurojet need to make sure that its scheduling application is proficient enough to take this challenge. Theres also a risk, which might arise due to social espousal from Eurojet passengers if this happens, Eurojet will have to educate its customers more on the usefulness of its new aircrafts may be by offering at discounted rates. Eurojet will need to implement on the job and off the Traning programs for its new crew members and maintenance engineers.So they can learn how to operate the new fleet. For new employees the cooking will include, training for B737 or C900 depending on which option it wants to buy. However, the aim of achieving this will generate some additional training costs for Eurojet, but it table service Eurojet to enjoy its process driven operation rather than having its driven great deal operation Russia climbed eight places to the 112th position in The World Banks 2013 Doing Business Rankings, up from 120th in 2012.Tax payment and contract enforcement fueled this improvement. However, despite this progress, Russias overall ranking for doing business bodyrelatively average. According to recent estimatesby the Central Bank of Russia, close to US$54.1 billion of private capital was invested out of the country in 2012. This isan improvement on the US $80.5 billion of outward investment put down in 2011, which suggests that some of the Governments efforts to improve this situation have been successful. Also, the traditional literature on the choice of he invoicing currency of international business trade. Grassham law 1973, starts from the observation that trade in manufacturing goods between industrial countries is mostly invoiced in the exporters currency Exchange rate changes can also impact on the level of competitiveness of the firms that are exposed to exchange rate risk, or affect the value of their net assets denominated in foreign currencies It is widely believed that changing exchange rates affect the competitiveness of firms engaged in international competition.According to Luehrman (1991), a falling home currency promotes the competitiveness of firms in home country by allowing them to undercut prices charged for goods manufactured abroad. Many simple partial equilibrium models (e.g. Shapiro) predict an increase in the value of the home country firm in reaction to a real drop in the value of the home currency. Economic theory suggests that under a floating exchange rate regime, exchange rate appreciation reduces the competitiveness of export markets it has a negative piece on the domestic stock market. Conversely, if the country is import denominated, exchange rate appreciation may have positive affect on the stock market by lowering input costs. Financial hedging may be a more cost- ensnareive strategy than operational hedging for many firms since it doesnt involve major redeployment of resources like expression factories in other countries.One likely risk to be faced by Eurojet is the financial crisis. Involved with the foreign currency exchange markets. It is also evident from the case study that due to eurojet current and future operations it is already dealing with more than one national currency oddly in extending its routes to US travels. So therefore, the changes in the foreign exch ange rates will affect eurojet profitability. Also this risks arises because of currency movements may alter in home country set(Buckley, 2004), which depends on various variables such as the concern rate parity, government policies purchasing power parity on exchange ratesIs there any direct evidence that risk management increases firm value? The answer is yes, but the evidence is fairly limited as yet. A number of more recent studies show a clearly positive correlation between higher share values and the use of derivatives to manage foreign exchange rate risk and interest rate risk. And one study provides fairly compel-ling evidence that the use of commodity price derivatives by commodity users increases share values. But studies of the hedging by commodity producers provide no clear support for the argument that risk management adds value. At a minimum, whether hedging adds value appears to depend on the types of risk to which a firm is exposed to. Given investment patterns in the airline industry, the value premium suggests that hedging allows airlines more ability to fund investment during periods of high fuel prices.The constructive relation between hedging and value further suggests that investors view such investment as positive net present value projects. We find that The interaction between hedging and capital expenditures captures a large majority of the hedging premium. We also screen a two-stage system in which hedging impacts value through its effect on capital expenditure. Given investment patterns in the airline industry, the value premium suggests that hedging allows airlines more ability to fund investment during periods of high jet fuel prices. The positive relation between hedging and value further suggests that investors view such investment as positive net present value projects. We find that the interaction between hedging and capital expenditures captures a large majority of the hedging premium.We also examine a two-stage system in w hich hedging impacts value through its effect on capital expenditures. The results of this procedure also suggest that the hedging premium is generally attributable to the effect of hedging on capital investments. The results of this procedure also suggest that the hedging premium is largely attributable to the effect of hedging on capital investment. However, from airline industry research it could be expect that Eurojet is faced with the following financial risks change in fuel prices, foreign currency exchange fluctuations, and changes in interest rates. An increase in fuel price, which is due to increase in demand from emerging economies like India and China. 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