Economic Exposure Essay

This report reviews the overseas central ikon of Eurojet due to the future development plans and growth of the low apostrophize air duct smart typeset, this report in any case high-pitchedlights the various chance of expo originals Eurojet, counts in run in divers(prenominal) countries identifying, measuring, and managing the various outside(prenominal) ex vary word-paintings that mogul be confront by Eurojet. However, some of these issues depart be analysed several(predicate)ly.Foreign Exchange Exposure match to Buckley (2004, pg.135) hostile substitution scene means that a firm has assets, liabilities, and winnings or evaluate future immediate payment flow streams such that the base stemmas harbor assets, liabilities, profits or the present pry in the home funds circumstances of expected future cash flows changes as metamorphose mark change. ISSUE 1 impertinent put on the line painting oversightIdentifying Eurojet immaterial metamorphose riskF or Eurojet the risks that readiness arise before long for being an world(prenominal)istic business is the concentration of Eurojet air lanes with signifi kittyt word pictures in Euro argonas (Dublin Dusseldorf, London-Stanstead, Milan, Brussels,) and mag lucreic north Africa, means that they subscribe to be awargon of this risks before they analyse, and agree on what to do about it. in that locationfore, this exposure occurs due to their bills movements in operating centres, which whitethorn alter their home silver (Buckley, 2004, pg.143) giving rise to flip-flop rate fluctuations and risks. Therefore Eurojet exposure to supervene upon rate fluctuations ordain rise in three forms accomplishment exposure, scotch exposure, and definition exposure. In addition, these take issueent exposures lead be analysed by applying to Eurojet.Transaction exposureTransaction exposure occurs because a grantable or receivable is denominated in a foreign currency (Buckley, 2004). I t is excessively a cash flow exposure including change of an asset and the receipt of the payment. Within this time interval commuting grade might change, and exit opened Eurojet to a risk either autocraticly aerated or negative, which allow subscribe an shock absorber on Eurojet exposure to transnational sireual traffics to exchange rate fluctuations. Eurojet transaction exposures will accordingly gull an impact on the exchange rate fluctuations in the time abide by of committed cash flows. From Eurojet income statement (appendix 2-note 5), due to the contracts for the supply of provoke and petroleum to Eurojet invoiced in US foreign currency (dollars). It could be analysed that Eurojet will be faced with currency risk. This is going to affect the harm of evoke cost due to exchange rate movements. So the current terms of fuel cost is 18887million, so to read the fuel cost in dollars. It will be 1887 divided by US$1.59686 (current exchange rate respect in dol lars) will equal to US$1181694075- this is how much eurojet squander to pay in dollars to get fuel supplied to their airlines, which is certain.However, there is to a fault an issue of irresolution as to what the fuel cost in dollar will be in the future. Due to dollar invoicing of fuel, the dollar price will set forth with the exchange rate. Although eurojet rat lock in the dollar price on its current roams, it has no idea what the will be the dollar cost of its future orders of fuel. This also explains the volatility of fuel prices, as when eurojet clouds fuel they have to pay for it immediately. So they will charter to hedge fuel price to stablise fuel be. However, losses due to transaction exposure merely get out in lower sales revenue. Eurojet also faces currency risks as regards to the British pound sterling. From the sideslip study, 40% of Eurojet revenues come from its London-Stanstead trading operations, this means that a change in pound sterling will hugely affe cts Eurojet profitability.In calculation, (40% of 4884m=1953.6) to get the real revenue, we say 1953.6 divided by 1.19683(currency exchange rate) =1632.312024-so therefore, this is Eurojet revenue from its London-Stanstead operations. To criterion transaction exposure, Eurojet will need to project the net amount of inflows or outflows in each foreign currency, and determine the overall risk of exposure to those currencies (Pilbeam, 2006). And then it will measure any gains or losses that whitethorn arise from the settlement of existing financial obligations whose terms are include in the foreign currency. stintingal exposureAccording to Tesar and Dominguez (2006), factors such as firm size, multinational status, foreign sales, international assets, and competitiveness and spate at the industry level whitethorn influence economic exposure of the companies sparing exposure the impact of semipermanent currency exposure and analyses the health of a companys business in the long run. The changes registered in the expected future cash flows depend of thechange in the position the company holds In the case of Eurojet foreign operations and competition, managing economic exposure will involve all aspects of the company. Economic exposure will arise in all trades for Eurojet against US dollar, British pound, Swiss Franc. This arises because Eurojet has its costs base in Euros whereas competitors might have theirs in British pound, US dollar and so forth Although it is difficult to reduce economic exposure, Eurojet can reduce the risk by offering same as competitors.Airlines, like many industrial companies, are potentially exposed to risks resulting from adverse movements in absorb judge, foreign currency prices, and trade good prices, particularly fuel prices. Airlines fuel price exposures are particularly transparent because oil is a widely traded global commodity, and the poor economic condition of airlines (partly as a result of higher fuel prices) has oftti mes been in the tonics since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001Translation exposureUnder the FASB 52, Eurojet translation gains and losses of 138 million will be included in their stressholders equity. So therefore, when the Euro strengthens, the consolidated earnings of Eurojet will be unfavourably affected by the translation exposure, and when the euro weakens the consolidated earnings are favourably affected. Also from Eurojet income statement, it could be analysed that currently eurojet concentrates on local sales and has little foreign competition, although obtains foreign fuel supply from the US (-denominated in foreign currency) this will seeming be hurt by depreciated local currency. As in the case of translation exposure the MNC can have an equal amount of exposed foreign currency assets and liabilities. By doing so the company will be able to offset any gain or loss it may have due to changes in the exchange rates of that currency, also cognize as balance she et hedge. (Eiteman, Stonehill, & Moffett, 2007)Management of foreign exchange exposure/risksEurojet Foreign exchange risk management will focus on identifying areas in the operations of Eurojet, which may be an issue to foreign exchange exposures, evaluating and analysing the exposure, and choosing the rightapproach to manage the risk to the final performance of Eurojet. forrader establishing hedge policies, Eurojet will need to measure its economic exposure. In order to do that a eurojet can invest some of its resources in evaluating its exposure, i.e., identifying the set of environmental contingencies affecting and relevant to the creation of shareholder value (Miller, 1998). This naming allows the assessment of alternative environmental scenarios and consequent adoption of improved strategical decisions by the company.Further more than, Froot et al. (1993) analysed that firms find hedgerow more valuable when the connection amid investment opportunities and cash flows resu lting from hedgeable risks is lower. For Eurojet, it could be implied that hedge will increase their value and investment opportunities, which are available when fuel prices are high (and inborn cash flow is low as a result). In addition, hedging can assist Eurojet ability to invest by negotiating with US aircraft maker in advance of delivery of some of the aircraft. In essence, Hedging might preserve Eurojet internal cash flow to meet future commitments to bargain for aircraft.In dealing with economic exposures efficiently, a MNC may have to ray either its finance or its operations. It can diversify its operations by either moving to locations where the cost of work is low, or having a conciliatory supplier policy, or changing the target market for its products and the types of products it deals in. As it can be illustrated from the 1994 example of Toyota, when a strong Yen made Japanese exports to US more expensive, it decided to shift its production from Japan to US, wher e it achieved comparatively lower costs of production, enabling it to compete in the US elevator car market. (Eun & Resnick, 2007).ISSUE 2Firstly, for Eurojet expanding to more routes, this will mean more revenues as regards to cash inflows and outflows. And Eurojet achieving their business objective of airline ambitious growth plans. 1 of the Risks eurojet is mostly likely to face is operating risk, which it will incur from the US dollar. This also reveals that exchange rate has been a big challenge for the airline industry. The instability of an exchange rate makes itimpossible for airlines to match in transaction and timing of foreign currency expenses. Furthermore, in extending its route nedeucerk Eurojet might incur a net cash outflows in currencies (dollars and rubbles) when operating in US and Russia (Moscow and St Petersburg) which will create a higher exposure to exchange rate.As Eurojet currency () will represent a net cash outflows on the balance sheet thereby giving ri se to translation exposure due to the increase in proportion of earnings as generated by these foreign subsidiaries ((Muller, 2005). So therefore as eurojet wants to operate in US and Russia areas, if they want to fly from other European locations they will need to approach government to deal with US and Russia Eurojet also face the risk of weather turmoil in Russia, compounded with the volatility of risk in Euro-dollar exchange rate. Also in expanding to Russia areas, there are some court-ordered issues due to tightening regulations from government authorities.As non-refundable tickets, charging for meals, and hiring of foreign pilotsISSUE 3Firstly, due to Eurojet opportunity for network growth, by ordering 200 aircraft from US, and mainland mainland China manufacturer. Here Eurojet will be considered to be an importer, and their exchange rate risk will be hold to net cash flows in US and China currency. Eurojet transaction risk will arise in the US (dollar) and China ( suffer) order received immediately for the manufacture of 200 aircrafts to Eurojet, account payable within 10 courses. Also, the quantity of US dollar and China fade price is already known. This means that the transaction risk will busy the euro value of the dollar payment in 10 years, and the China quotes the yen value of the dollar payment in 10 years-as the price of china aircraft in Renminbi .To buy the C900 aircraft offered by the Chinese manufacturer, eurojet might face exchange rate risk as they will need the dollar to buy the Chinese aircraft. In calculation, this will be 116,307.5m Renminbi divided by 6.12287CNY= US$18995.5854-this is how much it will dollars to pay for China aircrafts. Furthermore, Eurojet will also face exchange rate risks, as their transaction risk arise from their euro currency denominated imports in the same ways as US and China foreign currency denominated exports. Eurojet economic risk will be subject to variations of its costs induced by exchange rate fl uctuation. This isalso going to have an impact on Eurojet exchange rate variations on their stock market return, and controlling the return for their entire market (Dohring, 2008). So therefore euro wonder will increase Eurojet share value because it is eurojet-operating currency. Also the exposure of Eurojet to US aircraft payment is 65% when measured over a 10 year period this can be quite difficult, to hedge as Dohiring (2008) place that long term exposures are difficult to hedge than con term exposures as they could increase over the time horizon under consideration.Risks involving short-term transactions can be dealt with using financial instruments but long-term risks often choose changes in the operations of the company. In the case of Eurojet, trade aircrafts from US and China. Eurojet will have to pay in the currency of the US manufacturer (US dollars), therefore it is Eurojet who carries the risk as they have to buy dollars in order to pay the manufacturers. However, Eurojet can pay in its own currency (Euros) but this might mean that China manufacturer will behave the risk most as they have to change the Yen from dollars. Furthermore, as Eurojet wants to contract out much of its production to US (including fuel supply) and China manufacturers, this means that Eurojet will face currency risk and uncertainty as US and China manufacturers are billing in their local currencies, There is also an issue of uncertainty as to what the dollar cost of its orders will be, both now and in the future.If it insists on dollar invoicing, the dollar price will likely vary with the exchange rate. Hence, although Eurojet can lock in the dollar price of its current orders, it has no idea what will be the dollar costs of its future orders Furthermore, adding new aircrafts means that Eurojet needs more crew members, pilots and aid engineers, this will impact on the Eurojet profitability as the expenditure will go up.Eurojet will also face governmental risk due to significant foreign financing, foreign suppliers or customers, and international transactions or assets are relatively exposed to adverse changes in currency controls, great flow barriers, and other laws and regulations (Graham, 2012). The probability of expropriation can differ across industries. Firms whose cash flows are particularly sensitive to general economic conditions may be exposed to political risks due to their broad impact on the economy.APPENDIX 1The main objectives of the Bretton Woods system are to achieve exchange rate stability and promote international trade and development According to David Ricardo, with free international trade, it is mutually beneficial for two countries to each specialize in the production of the goods that it can produce relatively most efficiently and then trade those goods. By doing so, the two countries can increase their combined production, which allows both countries to consume more of both goods. whatever foreign currency (ie non e uro) denominated transactions may give rise to transaction exposure if there is a delay between entering the contract and settlement Eurojet addition of 200 aircrafts of its existing operations reveals a strategic move by Eurojet. Bringing new flights will also require upgrading of its scheduling and reservation application, this is mostly related to change management, so Eurojet will need to understand the risk, which could arise due to it.However, as the number of fleets go up, Eurojet will face the challenge of domestic aircrafts been rested for a short period. Inappropriate handling of this issues will lead to operating risk where the charges to be paid to authority will increase. Therefore Eurojet need to make sure that its scheduling application is proficient enough to take this challenge. Theres also a risk, which might arise due to social espousal from Eurojet passengers if this happens, Eurojet will have to educate its customers more on the usefulness of its new aircrafts may be by offering at discounted rates. Eurojet will need to implement on the job and off the Traning programs for its new crew members and maintenance engineers.So they can learn how to operate the new fleet. For new employees the cooking will include, training for B737 or C900 depending on which option it wants to buy. However, the aim of achieving this will generate some additional training costs for Eurojet, but it table service Eurojet to enjoy its process driven operation rather than having its driven great deal operation Russia climbed eight places to the 112th position in The World Banks 2013 Doing Business Rankings, up from 120th in 2012.Tax payment and contract enforcement fueled this improvement. However, despite this progress, Russias overall ranking for doing business bodyrelatively average. According to recent estimatesby the Central Bank of Russia, close to US$54.1 billion of private capital was invested out of the country in 2012. This isan improvement on the US $80.5 billion of outward investment put down in 2011, which suggests that some of the Governments efforts to improve this situation have been successful. Also, the traditional literature on the choice of he invoicing currency of international business trade. Grassham law 1973, starts from the observation that trade in manufacturing goods between industrial countries is mostly invoiced in the exporters currency Exchange rate changes can also impact on the level of competitiveness of the firms that are exposed to exchange rate risk, or affect the value of their net assets denominated in foreign currencies It is widely believed that changing exchange rates affect the competitiveness of firms engaged in international competition.According to Luehrman (1991), a falling home currency promotes the competitiveness of firms in home country by allowing them to undercut prices charged for goods manufactured abroad. Many simple partial equilibrium models (e.g. Shapiro) predict an increase in the value of the home country firm in reaction to a real drop in the value of the home currency. Economic theory suggests that under a floating exchange rate regime, exchange rate appreciation reduces the competitiveness of export markets it has a negative piece on the domestic stock market. Conversely, if the country is import denominated, exchange rate appreciation may have positive affect on the stock market by lowering input costs. Financial hedging may be a more cost- ensnareive strategy than operational hedging for many firms since it doesnt involve major redeployment of resources like expression factories in other countries.One likely risk to be faced by Eurojet is the financial crisis. Involved with the foreign currency exchange markets. It is also evident from the case study that due to eurojet current and future operations it is already dealing with more than one national currency oddly in extending its routes to US travels. So therefore, the changes in the foreign exch ange rates will affect eurojet profitability. Also this risks arises because of currency movements may alter in home country set(Buckley, 2004), which depends on various variables such as the concern rate parity, government policies purchasing power parity on exchange ratesIs there any direct evidence that risk management increases firm value? The answer is yes, but the evidence is fairly limited as yet. A number of more recent studies show a clearly positive correlation between higher share values and the use of derivatives to manage foreign exchange rate risk and interest rate risk. And one study provides fairly compel-ling evidence that the use of commodity price derivatives by commodity users increases share values. But studies of the hedging by commodity producers provide no clear support for the argument that risk management adds value. At a minimum, whether hedging adds value appears to depend on the types of risk to which a firm is exposed to. Given investment patterns in the airline industry, the value premium suggests that hedging allows airlines more ability to fund investment during periods of high fuel prices.The constructive relation between hedging and value further suggests that investors view such investment as positive net present value projects. We find that The interaction between hedging and capital expenditures captures a large majority of the hedging premium. We also screen a two-stage system in which hedging impacts value through its effect on capital expenditure. Given investment patterns in the airline industry, the value premium suggests that hedging allows airlines more ability to fund investment during periods of high jet fuel prices. The positive relation between hedging and value further suggests that investors view such investment as positive net present value projects. We find that the interaction between hedging and capital expenditures captures a large majority of the hedging premium.We also examine a two-stage system in w hich hedging impacts value through its effect on capital expenditures. The results of this procedure also suggest that the hedging premium is generally attributable to the effect of hedging on capital investments. The results of this procedure also suggest that the hedging premium is largely attributable to the effect of hedging on capital investment. However, from airline industry research it could be expect that Eurojet is faced with the following financial risks change in fuel prices, foreign currency exchange fluctuations, and changes in interest rates. An increase in fuel price, which is due to increase in demand from emerging economies like India and China. And decomposition in supply is due to major disruptions in oil production and refinery.REFERNCEShttp//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-053X.2006.tb00131.x/pdfhttp//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-053X.2006.tb00131.x/pdf http//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6622.2005.00042.x/pdf http//onli nelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6622.2005.00042.x/pdf David A. Carter, Daniel A. Rogers, Betty J. Simkins 2008 http//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-053X.2006.tb00131.x/pdfhttp//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-053X.2006.tb00131.x/pdfhttp//www.ey.com/ outlet/vwLUAssets/2013-Russia-attractiveness-survey-Eng/$FILE/2013-Russia-attractiveness-survey-Eng.pdfhttp//ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/publication11475_en.pdf

Edward II Essay

Throughout Edward II, Marlowe uses a variety of stimulating techniques to present the drama as a write up play. Marlowe manages to use the tradition of the chronicle or history play and develop it further producing an extremely compelling, unique piece of work. It is a play which on one hand shows structural affinities with the chronicle plays, in that it has a stirring plot with a rapid flow of concomitant and plenty of variety while on the other hand it has points of border with tragedy in its attempts to show on stage heart-rending scenes filled with enthusiastic utterances, deep pathos and high tragic dignity.This can be confabulaten in Act four, scene two where the pace quickens as Marlowe deviates between countries. We see Edward receiving the news that Isabella, Mortimer, Kent and the young prince Edward are collecting an army in Hainault to combat on King Edward Ah villains, hath that Mortimer escaped? With him is Edmund gone associate? And will sir trick of Hainault l ead the round? Marlowe therefore states historic moments, which did actually occur, but real, human, untoughened feelings are also shown from Edward, which makes the drama so much more intriguing.Also, in this scene the importance of Prince Edward continues to grow in a carefully controlled way. In the midst of Edwards anger and warlike preparations, Marlowe now has him spare a moment to think kindly of his son, whom he describes as a forgetful boy Ah, nonhing grieves me but my little boy If thus misled to mug their ills. Here, Marlowe shows the sentimental, humane feelings of Edward, human emotions we usually do not experience in history plays.In Edward II it is therefore made clear that the characters not only sustain its plot but also carry the delirious burden of the play. He has struck a balance between a plot whose events are directed by its hero and one, which develops independently of him and reacts upon him. The historical evidence is presented in a form that is drama tic and vivid in our minds therefore producing a thought-provoking, emotional drama.

Mcnamara and the “Fog of War”

Rebekka Carter 11/15/2012 McNamara and the Fog Of fight sometimes negotiation and quiescence is the only way to avoid catastrophe that could eradicate us all. The first lesson of the Fog of War, that McNamara gave was to empathize with your resistance. McNamara thought it was a mustiness and that is was important to put together ourselves into the enemys shoes. He discussed in the interview that later became a documentary, the possible serious consequences we could face as a nation if we didnt empathize with Cubans during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. We must try to put ourselves inside their skin and look at us through their eyes, undecomposed to understand the thoughts that lie behind their decisions and their actions, McNamara justified. If we could negotiate and settle, we might can trim something out to benefit both the U. S. , and the Soviet Union. During the Cuban missile Crisis, McNamara act to persuade President Kennedy not to press on and invade Cuba. He could give the president advice because he was a member of the presidents cabinet. Robert McNamara was the Secretary of defence in office. He persuaded him a massive with Tommy Thompson whom was the former U. S.Ambassador to Moscow. They gave them advice on two messages we standard from the Soviet Union. McNamara described this as a weighty message and a soft message. The soft message said they would remove the missiles from Cuba as long as we promised not to invade. On the other hand, Kennedy also received the hard message which basically revealed that if we pressed on and invaded Cuba,they would respond with massive soldiers force. McNamara stressed how important it was to empathize with Cuba,if we didnt the consequences could be a nuclear state of war holocaust. Kennedy ended up empathizing with them by responding to the first message.This action could of saved us from a possible Nuclear War and from devastation, disaster, and from loosing trillions of sincere American people. McNamara describes the family between empathy, morality, and war. He bring forwards that during war in cast to be fetching you shake up to see the way the enemy sees and try to make peace with them. From a moral stand point, do whats scoop out for the common good. Its surmount to make peace or at least negotiate and espouse to an agreement to avoid any consequences that could threaten innocent civilians. I think he believed more in peace and harmony than in war.It was best to just avoid it if possible and negotiate then avoid conflict. ulterior on in the documentary, McNamara describes the fire bombings of lacquerese cities. He argues is it moral to assimilate the lives of 100,000 of Japanese civilians in one night just to win the war. On top of burning the cities, Lemay wanted to drop a bomb. McNamara argued that proportionality was a guideline in war. We shouldnt overdue it just to win. We should hold it evened out with the enemy on casualties and civilian deaths. Lemay considered his actions to be thought immoral if they had lost.So judging from that Id say that if his side lost, then loosing that many people would have been for nothing. If they would of won, it would have been moral is the conclusion Im drawing from this. Is it ever legitimate to remark your countrys actions in a time of war? I think so yes, and I wouldnt consider it to be unpatriotic for disagreeing with the government. Freedom of public lecture is one thing our country is founded on and everyone can have their experience personal view or criticism. One can still have love for ones country and not agree with their policies or in this especial(a) case, war tactics.Some people may not be for war because of the innocent lives lost men,women, and children. Some people might especially be against nuclear war because of innocent lives and it just causes more danger and conflict. In my scene it is legitimate to argue or criticize about war or any other action a country carries ou t. This documentary undefended my eyes and changed the way I truly saw Nuclear War and the effects and consequences it can have. The Cuban Missile Crisis had very high stakes to cause not only a Nuclear War, but a Nuclear war Holocaust. With being struck with one bomb, there is a possibility we would of bombed Cuba back.I dont believe we would of surrendered. Other countries would of gotten involved and devastation and loss as of a result from this would have been very great. The fire bombings described in Japan was very disproportionate and unevenly scattered. Cities everywhere in Japan had different numbers of deaths and injuries. Lemay thought this had to be done in order to win the war, even though it was considered immoral. This documentary was an eye opener and it genuinely gave good insight on the key ways to being sure-fire in a war. McNamara called it The Rules of War.

Dead Poets Society Essay

To what extent do you agree? In the motion-picture show Dead Poets Society produced in 1989 by film director prick Weir who provides us with an example of a charismatic tutorer who persuades the boys away from conform to the traditions. Suicide was overall Neils choice as he was otiose to overcome and deal with the difficult relationship with his father. Neil was a sensitive, passionate casing of person who found it hard to express his private thoughts about how he felt. Mr Keating is somewhat blamed for Neils death as he subject the students minds to different ways of learning and thinking and extremityed them to avoid conforming with society and to express individualism. Neils father pressured Neil into things he didnt want to do which took a major part in the act upon of self-destruction for Neil.When Neil Perry decides to pursue a career in the performing arts, rather than in medicine, his father, Mr Perry, is furious. Unmoved by Neils extraordinary performance in the capriole A Midsummer Nights Dream, Mr Perry continues to insist on controlling his sons life and dictating his every move. But Mr Perrys efforts were in vain Neil had already experienced freedoma liberty not easily relinquished. So in a way the act of suicide was Neils way of standing up to his father.Mr Keating encourages his pupils to have freelancer ideas. For instance, in their second English lesson, he instructed the boys to rip out the institution to their poetry textbooks, because he believed that the pupils should develop their own responses to poetry rather than go along the guidance of the editor. by dint ofout the film Mr Keating repeatedly says to the boys carpe diem which means seize the day, so Mr Keating was not in fact ever saying that suicide was not conforming or seizing the day, it was completely against what he was trying to teach the boys.Neil eventually stands up to his father, but is unable to communicate his opinions to the increasing arbitrary traditio nalist figure that his father has become. Rather than continuing to live a dreary half-life, Neil decides that the still way to gain control is by pickings his own life. Though he lost everything in the process, suicide was the only way for Neil to stand up to his father and live life to the fullest (Carpe Diem). Through the act of suicide, Neil is taking control of his life decisionsand must, as a result, gestate the consequences. Neils clearly existential actions were a necessary step in his process of self-discovery and individual growth.

Defining the Visual Arts Essay

optical fine device definedVisual liberal arts cease be defined in some(prenominal) ways. The textbook answer was unobtainable for this class. Visual literacy seems to be the focussing of the textbook. Online research has yielded slightly better insight The ocular arts atomic number 18 art forms that create works that ar primarily opthalmic in nature, such as ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, inclination, crafts, photography, video,filmmaking and architecture. These definitions should not be taken too rigorously as many artistic disciplines (performing arts, conceptual art, textile arts) involve aspects of the visual arts as well as arts of opposite types. as well as included within the visual arts are the applied arts such as industrial design, graphic design, fashion design, interior design and decorative art. 1 Basically, visual art would be any type of art that can be comprehended visually.Differentiation from other creative chemical formulaTh e visual arts set themselves apart from other art forms cod to their very name and meaning. Literally, it refers to art work which can be appreciated visually, not audibly, or theoretically, but tangibly visible. Visual arts are very expansive and do not only include al wholeness(predicate) or fine art, but also practical things such as standard building design and practical objects like Aboriginal tools or other artifacts. In some messs eyes, something as knitwork as a school bus could be considered visual art.Visual arts media typesThe Visual arts have many different media types with which visual artists can paint. Some of the types are Dry Media & Liquid Media Encaustic painting is one example of a type of liquid media, Drawing media, Mixed media, Printed Media, and many more. Virtually any way one can create visual art is derived from a type of Visual arts media.Meaning of visual arts hold dearsJust as society and individual people have their value, so does the artist. The values behind visual arts can be compared to understanding the meaning behind the lyrics of a song. If one does not understand the artists views and/or values, they will not understand the true value of a particular work of art. This is not true in both piece of art, however. In some cases, an artist intends for his viewers to ascertain the values of the artwork on their own.Factors of interpretationIn factoring interpretation, there are different ways to interpret anything, whether its music, dance, or static visual art dis meets. If an artist wants their artwork to be interpreted in a certain way, they would have to take into account the overall public mind on a topic. The values of a piece of artwork play a major role in how a piece is interpreted. As mentioned in the text, Westerners look at the picture of the Arabic woman with a gun, and can only think of one thing, when in reality, the photographer had other intentions for the interpretation of that photo-art.References1. B rown, George http//www.georgebrown.ca/centers/ad/index.aspx Center for Arts and Design in Toronto, Canada. Georgebrown.ca. 2011-02-15. Retrieved 2011-10-30. 2. Sayre, enthalpy M., A World of Art, Sixth Edition, Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education

Effects of parental marital instability to children Essay

P atomic number 18ntal divide has a substantial effect on baberen which can be long or soon precondition. Long term make can range from long-term financial difficulties, psychological, aff able-bodied, physical and also social problems. This could be as a result of lack of both emotional and social support that is derived from fiting families. Divorce entails separation of elevates leaving the family broken, a situation that denies the youngsterren a uninjured and steady informal surroundings for learning. It also minimizes the ability of conjure ups to guard their boorren against negative influences from the surrounding environment.However, there are both(prenominal) cases where divorce brings about short term relieve to children especially where violence that is directed to children and a parent is involved. Although this may push down short-term physical together with psychological effects, long-tem effects are bound to occur (Amato, 2000). Financial effects th is arises due to the pick up of the familys financial structure forcing each of the parents to rely on their personal incomes for survival unlike previously when they could pool their incomes together.Since the success of children relies on both financial and social support from parents, children who are brought up in a family with two parents are likely to have high achievements compared to those with adept be subject of the presence of both parents who could offer complementary resources when needed. Each of the divorced parents ordain be forced to use available resources in trying to passel up a new home at the expense of the childrens needs of quality education and better health services.In some cases where arrives start new families, the possibility of children being stirred financially rises because the father could end up spending less on them (Cherlin, Kiernan & Chase-Lansdale, 1995). Social impact the social impact of divorce on children has been found to be massive. Children whose parents divorce during their formative years have been found to be greatly affected compared to those who their parents divorce at a later date. These children become prone to divorce in their later lives.This is so because, during formative years, children require both parents for impressive development of skills and values that are necessary in development of horse barn relationships in future day. It is evident in men who grow with single m otherwises who tend to behave in a deviant way with violent natures who eventually end up being involved in criminal activities (Amato, 2001). Because the children are non able take sides during divorce, they feel as if they are the cause of the divorce.As a result, they may end up getting demoralise and eventually becoming suicidal. Their personality and sense of confidence is affected by the regular arguments and fights that their parents may have had. Eventually, after divorce if proper measures such(prenominal) as cou nseling are not taken, they may become emotionally destabilized which may lead to drug abuse and suicide (DOnofrio et al, 2003). When the non custodian parent moves far away from the other and does not communicate frequently or in totality to the children, they may feel a sense of set free of a parent.Girls get affected by their fathers absence whereby they may become emotionally withdrawn from both boys and men during outgrowth and later on in life. Divorce cases tend to affect boys more than than girls. Boys tend to show signs of violent and criminal behaviors while girls become psychoneurotic depressive which mostly depends on their mothers behavior. They carry these behaviors to their relationships in future which explain why most marriages of such children do not last (Furstenberg & Teitler, 1994).According to Cherlin, Chase-Lansdale & McRae (1998), divorce may cause long term genial disorders for children between the age bracket 0 and 4. This is so because of lack of pre meditation that is essential for full development of the child. An example is when the father is given cargo hold of the child, the child misses an opportunity to breast feed and receive post-natal care which may lead to mental defects later on in life. This affects their ability to get along in sports and school activities (DOnofrio et al, 2005).To enhance adjustment of the child to the situation, it is recommended that parents should discuss the impend divorce to ensure that its done at a level where it leave not have a great effect to the child, they should be able to answer any question that the child could be having about the situation, the child should be assured that it was not by his/her fault that they separated, the child should be assured that both parents lead continue loving him/her, the childs needs should be the parents priority, the parent in custody of the child should not expect his/her emotional needs to be met by the child, parenting should continue as usual , continued visitation of the child by the other parent who doesnt have custody of the child should be ensured, parents should avoid being faultfinding of the other and avoid interrogating the child about visits made by the other parent (Caspi et al, 2004).In conclusion, the effects of divorce to children are damaging to the childs development leading to both physical and psychological disorders. This affects the childs ability to develop social skills which are important in developing stable relationships later on in life. It also affects both financial and social well being of the children involved. The effects can be controlled through ensuring that the affected children are surrounded by an enabling environment which will help them acquire the required social, emotional and financial support. This will help reduce the long-term effects that result from such cases.former(a) ways that could be considered in trying to reduce these long term effects include looking for a step famil y or macrocosm of special mentorship programs in schools. Because of the effects involved, there is need for child mental health specialists who are familiar with the wide range of complications that divorce may have on the child so that they can help reduce if not prevent the effects. References Amato, P. R. (2000). The consequences of divorce for adults and children journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 12691287. Amato, P. R. (2001). Children of divorce in the 1990s An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 355370. Caspi, A. , Moffitt, T. E. , Morgan, J. , Rutter, M. , Taylor, A. , Arseneault, L. , et al. (2004).Maternal expressed emotion predicts childrens antisocialbehavior problems Using monozygotic-twin differences to identify environmental effects on behavioral development. developmental Psychology, 40, 149161. Cherlin, A. J. , Chase-Lansdale, P. L. , & McRae, C. (1998). Effects of parental divorce on mental health throughout the life course. American Sociological Review, 63, 239249. Cherlin, A. J. , Kiernan, K. E. , & Chase-Lansdale, P. L. (1995). Parental divorce in childishness and demographic outcomes in young adulthood. Demography, 32, 299318. DOnofrio, B. M. , Turkheimer, E. , Eaves, L. J. , Corey, L. A. , Berg, K. ,Solaas, M. H. , & Emery, R. E. (2003).The role of the children of twins institution in elucidating causal relations between parent characteristics and child outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 11301144. DOnofrio, B. M. , Turkheimer, E. , Emery, R. E. , Slutske, W. S. , Heath, A. C. , Madden, P. A. , & Martin, N. G. (2005). A genetically informed field of honor of marital instability and its association with offspring psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 570586. Furstenberg, F. F. , jr. , & Teitler, J. O. (1994). Reconsidering the effects of marital disruption What happens to children of divorce in young adulthood? Journal of Family Issues, 15, 173190.

Reproductive Health Bill Essay

The Reproductive Health Bill was jump proposed in 1998 by Edcel Lagman of Albay. The said bill aims to improve and promote on the whole methods of family planning, both natural and modern, to help our farmings dilemma regarding the go along growth of our population. The RH Bill gives information to family planning. It will improve maternal, baby and child health and nutrition. It promotes breast feeding. Then abortion will cover illegal and it is punishable by law but post-abortion complications will be given medical aid. It also contains prevention of reproductive tract infections worry HIV/AIDS, STD, etc give-and-take of breast and reproductive tract cancers, and prevention and treatment of infertility.It has elimination of violence against women and also preparation of sexuality and reproductive health. It includes potent involvement and participation in the reproductive health and lastly education of reproductive health for the juvenility. For several reasons this bill has been an issue in our country for years. It has its pros and cons. Some say it is advantageous because it will really help in the countrys problem, the never ending growth of population that at last leads to the countrys unchanging state of poverty.Some say it is a no no because of its very ill effects, immorality and sinful act. While, others welcome no idea what it is nor have any concern about what is fortuity around them which is really unfortunate. So the researchers thought of conducting a research concerning the thoughts and opinions of the youth about this bill. The youths perceptions are important, so are their sense. Their certifiedness is a primary concern because they are the future generation. They should be aware of the things going around their environment in order for them to help and come in in developing the countrys economy into a wear out one. Their views and points may help the society after all.

Scientifc Method Lab 1

3/22/2013 Lab 1- The scientific method In this lab I am learning about the steps of the scientific method and how it can be applied to day-to-day life. In my first gear exercise I analyzed info looked to me in a bow (table 2) on seek population in relation to the totality of dissolve subject O ( ppm ) in the water. The patterns indicate that when more turn atomic figure 8 (ppm) is present in the water, the number of fish observed increases. In developing a hypothesis for this theory, I have decided that if the amount of fade away type O (ppm) is added to the water, consequently more fish we be observed, than water without adding dissolved oxygen to the water.My approach would be to devise an test in which the amount of dissolved oxygen (ppm) can be changed in a controlled manner, and so euphony and embark the changes. My in bloodsucking unsettled would be the amount of dissolved oxygen (ppm) in the water, epoch the dependent variable would be the amount of fish pr esent. The control I would utilization in this specific experiment would be the temperature of the water. I would chart this info utilize a bar graphical record because the results I am comparing argon not representative in a continuous series, and doesnt include dates, or solar days that samples argon taken.The results are independent from each other. When presenting the data from table 2 pissing Quality vs. fish Population, I would use a bar graph utilise the number of fish observed on the horizontal, and the amount of dissolved water (ppm) vertical. Such as in the graph presented in innovation 4 Top speed for cars. The data presented in my graph would argue that when higher amounts of dissolved oxygen (ppm) are present, the higher the quantities of fish are observed. In exercise 2 , I have determined that number 1,5 and 10 are testable, turn 2,3,4,6,7, and 9 are not testable. . When a plant is fit(p) on a window sill, it grows devalueder than when it is located on a coffee table in the middle of the lifetime way. Hypothesis If the plant is placed on the window sill and getting more sun, then I will grow faster than the plant placed on the coffee table in the middle of the living room where it receives less sunlight. Null Hypothesis If I place the plant on the window sill, it will grow at the same rate as the plant on the coffee table. My approach would be to create an experiment where the amount of sunlight can be changed in a ontrolled manner, then measure and record the results. The independent variable would be the amount of sunlight the plants are exposed to, while the dependent variable would be the amount of growth of the plants. My controls could be the amount of water given to each plant, the humidity, or the time of day, to name a few. I would collect my data by recording the amount of time each plant is exposed to sunlight, and step the amount of growth each day. The data would then be presented using a line graph, representing gro wth in height, by day, Day 1, day 2, day 3 and day 4. separate lines will represent each plant. One line with sun light and another line without sunlight. My data will then be taken and analyzed from the tests, documentation and recordings through with(p) daily. Then I would use the data to stick up or repeal the hypothesis. 5. When Sally eats brawny solid foods and exercises regularly, her fall pressure is lower than when she does not exercise and eats oleaginous foods. Hypothesis If Sally eats firm foods and exercises, then her blood pressure will be lower than if she does not exercise and eats fatty foods.Null hypothesis If Sally eats healthy foods and exercises her blood pressure will be the same as if she does not exercise and eats fatty foods. My approach would be to record blood pressures for one week while not exercising and eating fatty foods. Then I would record blood pressures the following week while exercising and eating healthy food. The dependent variable will be blood pressure while the independent variable will be exercise, what kind of food eaten such as healthy versus fatty.The control variable would be the intensity of exercise and the time of day eating the foods. I would collect my data by keeping a log of daily blood pressures. Also I would log the amount of exercise and what food is being eaten. In presenting the data I would use a graph showing the blood pressure trends. Analyzing the data with given results of the tests, and other set up or nullify the hypothesis. 10. Ice skim off melts faster on a sore summer day than on a arctic pass day. Hypothesis If it is a warm summer day then meth cream will melt faster than it would on a cold winter day.Null hypothesis If ice cream melts on a warm summer day, then it will melt just as fast on a cold winter day. My approach would be to record the amount of time it takes for ice cream to melt on some(prenominal) warm summer days and on cold winter days. The dependent variable would be the amount of time it takes for ice cream to melt, while the independent variable would be the type of day, warm summer day, or cold winter day. The control would be the amount of ice cream and the type of ice cream.I would collect my data by recording the type of day and the amount of time it takes for the ice cream to melt. I would then present it by using a bar graph to compare. Analyzing the data is achieved by using all the data collected and either support or nullify the hypothesis. An example of using the scientific method to an fooling problem would be saving money on a gain bill. Unplugging all unused appliances and turning off lights when not in use to cut back on the bill. I could test this by using the scientific method and performing experiments to support or nullify my hypothesis.

Plp- Bings Competitive Advantages

Bing it on Google Introduction sugar Penn is taking a big leap by leaving his firm to work for Microsoft on a mission to gain Bing. The company is faced with becoming a competitive leader in the explore locomotive railway locomotive area. Penn believes he apprize enter Microsoft with a different strategy. To remedy Bing, Penn believes he take cud Ranking, which focuses product developers away from getting industry-leading products to market faster than the competition. According to the article, non including the marketing or the billions of dollars put into Bing, Google accounted for 69% of the countes in June al oneness.They say the fall upon strategy to turn this company around would be to come up with an approach that would understand Bing a different kind of hunt railway locomotive compared to Google. Analysis As stated above, Microsoft is trying to take the number one spot for the most used appear locomotive. A competitive reinforcement idler be defined as a firm s ability to create value in a way that its rivals grassnot. Microsoft and rube introduced Bing in 2009, which allows users to chase for information regarding almost anything. While being introduced to everyone in 2009 other count engines were available.Bings competitive advantage over the others was that Bing offered subcategories onto the natural search results, allowing the user to quickly see the search results in synthetic groups. This is an issue for Bing because they are not the only company that offers these types of search engine results and no longer have a competitive advantage in the market on this basis. Another advantage with Bing, you get enhanced results which kitty also be taken as intelligently organized results that you can receive quickly and efficiently.Because of these enhanced results, many people chose to use the Bing search engine over Google but in recent years, other search engines have put a greater emphasis on their zipper and results and are byp assing Bing. If Bing still had any competitive advantage, it would be that it offers enhanced results in search engines, however it has been proven for most notees that use other competitors search engines their speed and results are sufficient and they prefer them to Bing.This is evident which stated in front that 69% of the search engine users chose Google over the 25. 6% for Bing. What hurt the Microsoft social club is that Bing was doing so poorly to the point they offered Penn a position to help fix Bing. This could make or break Bing seeing whether Penn can set this search engine compared to the others. This will be difficult for Penn seeing that he lacks search engine product development expertise.No matter how speedy this search engine is or how well the results are, if Penn does not find a way to improve Bings market share this will be just a fury that the Microsoft has gone through and Google will continue doing well. Conclusions To be prospered in any market you nee d to be able to compete and this is where Bing waterfall short. In order to make this search engine more successful Microsoft needs to come up with a more sufficient business strategy. They need to figure out where they best fit in and differentiate themselves from other companies.They also need to figure out their goals, and objectives, which will make it easier for them to target their users. If they were to apply their business to the VRINE model, they would quickly notice that their search engine is replaceable and has no ways to set their companys search engines apart from others. I believe they are taking the right go by trying to offer different options on their website but I think they will need to do more since they do not offer the same kind of links that Google does such as Gmail or Google Maps.I think that while Mark Penn is focusing on making Bing part in the market share area and the rest of Microsoft management needs to place a strong focus on finding innovators tha t can help Bing become a major competitor once again. Title- git Mark Penn Fix Microsofts Bing? Date-7/23/2012 Website-http//www. forbes. com/sites/petercohan/2012/07/23/can-mark-penn-fix-microsofts-bing/2/ Citation-Cohan, Peter. Can Mark Penn Fix Microsofts Bing? Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 23 July 2012. Web. 09 Nov. 2012. .

Explain the Success and Failure of Constitutions

piece of musics ordure be defined in a variety of variant ways. Duchacek , in 1970 described institutions as magnate maps, in which the formal powers of the posit ar described and distri lone(prenominal) ifed. A much explicit definition can be gauged from Robertson , who describes the shaping as, a set of rights, powers and procedures regulating the structure of, and relationships among the exoteric authorities and between the public authorities and the citizens. This long definition is condensed by Watson , who describes writings as the rules of the political game and the laws that g overn the governors. reports usually swallow recognize into existence to facilitate a fresh start following the transfer of the past regime via r developing, independence, or a change in society. Constitutions are non infallible and can fail if the conditions are right those conditions forget be discussed in this essay. According to Hague, Harrop and Breslin , a no-hit reputation is ace that does non attempt as well much. They point to the American constitution as an casing. The US Constitution created a limited central establishment because that is what was deemed necessary.If the constitution created a stronger central government, it may have g angiotensin-converting enzyme over against the interests of the more independent minded states and individuals who would have opposed such(prenominal) a discover. A constitution, which delegates and separates powers amongst the governing institutions apparently, coins achievement. The most well known example of this would be again the American constitution. The legislature (Congress ), executive (the President ) and the judiciary (the Supreme beg ) is separated by the Constitution, providing constitutional independence and delegating various powers.The Constitution insures that no one institution has more power than the other, preventing a power struggle inside government that could fail to its destruction. However, to explain the success of constitutions in terms of the balance of powers would ignore the success of the unwritten British Constitution. The British Constitution, where power lies supremely placardh the government, the legislature, cannot be regarded as a failure. The success of this constitution could perhaps be explained by its flexible and articulate nature, which allots gradual change.A good example of this in practise is the enfranchisement of Britain, which took almost a century to attain. The Government introduced this necessary legislation following the changes in society. Without this change, Britains Constitution would have failed to meet the needs of the people, and fall in the face of frequent revolt. Even supposedly rigid, written constitutions can respond to changes in society, an authorised property if that constitution is to succeed.In the United States, judicial constitutional interpreting plays an important part in placing a constitution written over two hundred years ago into the context of the modern day. hirer Justice Hughes statement We live under a constitution. But the constitution is what the judges say it is. This may not be wholly accurate, simply judicial interpretation has been an important factor in the continual evolution of the American Constitution, which encouraging its success. Finally, the success of constitutions can be attributed to the economical factors within the state.Germany and Japan have for the past fifty years possessed successful constitutions, which can, to a degree be attributed to their very strong economies. Following the blink of an eye World War, the allies, by buoying up the economies of these two nations, prevented them from falling to the short-term problems, such as nationalism and communism. This move subsequently ensured their long-term constitutional success. A constitution that has failed its purpose is one that fails to provide adequate rules of government, which can lead to eit her an inefficient government, or a government that abuses the governed.There are a number of reasons that governments fail. If Hauge, Harrop and Breslins reasoning concludes that a successful constitution is one that attempts little, it follows that a constitution doomed to failure is one that attempts too much, allowing no room for interpretation or change. A poor constitution would not allow the judicial interpretation that allows the American constitution to develop, or allow a flexible constitution like the British to change wit the introduction of new legislation.The Constitution of Italy, the Guarantisimo prevents the reoccurrence of a dictatorship. However, the various checks and balances created by the constitution, such as a strong bicameral legislature, and regional autonomy have led to ineffective government, and the loss of popular support among the people. This is one example of the separation of powers going to far, hindering the constitutional process. A constitution that fails to get rid of into account the social, economic and political factors within a society leave behind very rarely succeed.Evidence of this can be found in the failure of the post-colonial constitutions imposed on former colonies during the 1950s and 1960s. Countries such as Britain and France try to impose constitutions that were based on theirs. Unfortunately, the peoples of Africa and Asia were not used to democracy, their cultures were based upon arbitrary rule, not liberal, democratic government. Many of the fledgling governments fell, as single rulers, practically helped by the military filled the vacuum.Countries whose democratic governments survived, for example India and Pakistan experienced the move toward strong centrally controlled government, undermining the democracy the constitution represented. It is often not the constitution that fails, but the regime that facilitates the change because it is weak, and cannot remain in office for too long a period. The constitution may succeed in providing the checks and balances of power, but if the regime lost the support of the military, there would then be context for change Constitutions are not always liable to succeed the higher up examples indicate that. A successful one allows change, can be interpreted by the judiciary and is assisted by a healthy economic climate. A failure is doomed to be ineffective because it is too restrained, and not allowed to change as society develops. Explanations for the success and failure of constitutions can be diverse, particularly in todays global society the reasons above are only a selection of what can constitute a constitutional success or failiure.

Parliamentary sovereignty Essay

Critically discuss this statement.A.V Dicey gives an introduction to the precept of parliamentary reign as, the principle of sevensary sovereignty means uncomplete more nor less than this, namely, that Parliament therefore defined has, under the side of meat paper, the right to make or unmake any right any(prenominal) and, further, that no person or body is appreciate by the legal philosophy of England as having the right to override or set aside the edict of Parliament. However, in that location are many discussions as to whether the UK joining with the European Union and adherence to the Human Rights Act 1998 renders sovereignty irrelevant. It will be argued that although following these rules may appear to be contradictory to sovereignty, co-operation is entirely unforced, necessary, and there are many examples as to why sovereignty is not irrelevant, nor archaic. Firstly, Parliamentary sovereignty is not a fundamental relic. It may seem to be the, as part of the UK c onstitution continues to rely on extremely primordial Acts such as The Magna Carta or the Bill of Rights Act , however, these edicts continue to remain as they set out important constitutional principles.Even since 1215, it has been recognised that it is important to square up the power of the monarch, and transfer powers to parliament, in interest of balance, and the judicial separation of powers. Up until present daylight, supporting Diceys summary above, UK courts cannot need down an Act of Parliament, this is unlike many Supreme Courts in other(a) countries, for example the USA, who are spring to reject polity which contradicts the written constitutional rights. For example in the case of Mortensen v. Peters , it notes that in the event of a contradiction in terms between international law and Act of Parliament, courts within the UK are bound to apply the UK legislation, and discount the international law.This shows that, while Parliamentary sovereignty is base on anc ient fundamental principles, it still has a modern, every day importance, which is key to our constitution, as supported by Jennings The supremacy of Parliament is the constitution. The doctrine of legislative sovereignty dictates thatparliament has power to legislate on constitutional matters, thus parliament can change the constitution by an routine of parliament.There is a challenge posed to parliamentary sovereignty by EU law, as in 1973 the UK joined the European Union. particle states must not be permitted to deviate from EU rules common to all, thus overriding Parliamentary sovereignty. This seems to conflict with Diceys contemplate of sovereignty. The European Communities Act 1972 tries to establish the relationship between domestic law and EU law Any enactment passed or to be passed shall be construed and keep up effect subject to the foregoing provisions of this section. This provides a line of work with sovereignty, as it means that the UK will have to adhere to th e EU court, kinda than our own supreme court. Parliament in the future may no longish be considered as sovereign, as they may no longer be free to make or unmake law. However, courts have tried and true to find a middle ground with EU and Parliamentary sovereignty, in the case of Macarthys .Lord Denning stats that if Parliament every clearly and deliberately passes an act which is inconsistent with EU law, the duty of our courts to follow the statute of our Parliament. This shows that Parliament has retained some of its independence, and only acts in accord with EU voluntarily, and because the UK agrees with the EU laws. Leading on from the UKs voluntary cooperation with the EU laws, is the case of Factortame (No. 2) . exculpation for the decision in Factortame was offered by Lord Bridge, which emphasised that whatever confinement of its sovereignty Parliament accepted when it enacted the European Communities Act 1972 was entirely voluntary the ECA 1972 was the domestic source o f the supremacy of EU law and there was zip fastener novel about this decision.Lord Bridges speech traces the source of the limit of legislative power to the ECA 1972, suggesting that if Parliament wishes to create a new Act, contradicting EU law, it need only expressly state in the new statute that it is to take place regardless of the ECA 1972. This, supported by Dennings Obiter in Macarthys , brings us in a compete circle, to Diceys view that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having the right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament, as it suggests that the UK can decide not to follow EU law, therefore Parliamentary sovereignty is not obsolete or irrelevant.

Example Persuasive Essay

Should Teachers Be Able to Bring Guns to give lessons? Guns ar powerful weaponry used mainly for harborion. Misuse of this symbol of weapon is the cause of laws and regulations that atomic number 18 enforced today, for race can be saliently wound if non used for pragmatic reasons. Guns pay literally been banned from m whatsoever public erupts, such as aims, for this reason.Absolutely no one, excursus from law-enforcement officials, are allowed to hold a gas pedal on them in schools however, teachers should be allowed to carry guns as easily because they know their responsibilities and requirement the ability to nourish their educatees, as good as themselves, in a case of emergency. In a time of crisis, such as an interloper or a nonher(prenominal) person with a gun at school, teachers act as an egis to their students, for most teachers treat their students as if they were their own children.Knowing their responsibility of protection, teachers know that it would be difficult to shield their students if an intruder were to infiltrate their classroom or place where they were assigned to teach or monitor students. However, by being satisfactory to bear a gun, they would not only be able to protect their students, but they could also stop the intruder from harming any other student or faculty member as well.This process of being able to allow teachers to carry guns would be inevitably difficult, for, in most places, as Brad Knickerbocker says, District policy prohibits anyone except a law-enforcement officer from bring a weapon onto campus (1). However, as Knickerbocker also says, Through come in the country, lawmakers are file bills that would make it legal for adult school employees to carry firearms (1).Therefore, there is a chance that a bill will be passed and allow the massive reward of being able to possess a gun on school property for the responsible teachers indirect requesting to provide a defend environment for their students, be able to protect themselves, and simply rent a security measure for any emergency situation that may grow up. Initially, students are the major components that make up a school, for, without them, educators would have postcode and no one to teach. Students should be able to come to school worry-free and comfortably, for they should not have the fear of a school not being guard at any time.Moreover, in order to be a clogging of students being afraid, there should be more security measures than there are currently in schools today. Indubitably, most schools have emergency drills and practices for protection however, that is not always enough, for people in a school can politic be harmed, or even worse, executed. For example, a student could walk into a school with a concealed weapon and easily start tinder off into a crowd of students therefore, law-enforcement officers alone may not be able to reach the situation fast enough.Furthermore, if each teacher were allowed to carr y a gun, with proper training, they would be able to stop the student from harming any more students than they could have before. Nevertheless, this does not mean only a gun such as a pistol, for even Taser guns could be used if the intruder or the threatening student didnt need to be injured to the extent to where they are immediately deceased. Basically, students would be much more defend where they could roam the halls without apprehension if teachers were allowed to carry and use guns accordingly.Subsequently, teachers should not only be able to protect their students, but they should be able to protect themselves as well. Although there are risks where teachers could harm themselves by accidental usage of a gun, misplace a gun, or have their gun stolen, there stillness seems to be more pros than cons on the situation. As students are known to be the main components of a school, the educators are very important as well. Because of this, those educators need to be protected in c ase any(prenominal) social occasion abominable was to happen to them as well.Most teachers would score that if a situation came up where law-enforcement officers were needed, they would want to be every bit equipped with protection, and, in this case, that protection would be a gun. Unfortunately, there are still teachers that would quite an not have a gun, for, as Kenneth S. Trump, electric chair of field of study civilize Safety and Security Services, said, The vast majority of teachers want to be armed with textbooks and computers, not guns (qtd. in Arming Teachers 1).However, those disagreeing teachers most credibly wouldnt believe that if an emergency came up to where their own lives were threatened. Typically, the majority of teachers would agree that a gun could be a great advantage in a case of emergency, whether or not there could be a few risks at stake. Finally, emergency situations can happen in the dart of an eye, and the phrase, expect the unexpected, should be applied as a preventative for anything catastrophic that could have been avoidable. Also, an emergency situation can get so out of hand that numerous law-enforcement officers would need to be present.An example of this would be the columbine High School massacre, where a student brought a gun to school and fired off into a crowd of students, which injured 21 people and executed 15 people however, this could have been avertible if teachers were allowed to have guns, for a teacher could then have had the ability to stop the student from create any harm, aside a simple scare of the schools students and faculty being wounded. Moreover, that massacre is merely an example of an event that could have been much worse, for, with violence becoming worse in todays world, an execution of a whole school could even happen.This, at least, should be a reason for teachers to have guns so everyone would feel safe in the long run. In addition to this, the division of teachers having guns shouldnt be a complicated matter when emergencies come up because it would be a great advantage for all teachers with training for the usage of guns to be able to have a quick way of response to any type of thing that may endanger human lives therefore, avertible situations should be taken into consideration, and, if secret code else, arming the teachers with guns would be a great way to fulfill that thought.Mostly, some people could say that a process as complex as this would seem not worth fighting for however, many teachers could agree otherwise, for they would rather be protected and take risks than to be like a sitting duck and not take even the slightest risk to support an advantage that could save other peoples lives, as well as their own. Trump says, The arming of teachers and school staff goes is a significantly variant issue that goes beyond simply the issue of an individuals objurgate in a number of states to be licensed to carry a concealed weapon (qtd. n Arming Teachers 2). This is partially true, for it does inevitably go beyond the basic rights of individuals however, that does not mean that it shouldnt be taken into effect because complexity comes around. Basically, when push comes to shove, people shouldnt back go across due to the lack of simplicity of a certain matter, and, in this case, that matter would be allowing teachers to carry guns.Ultimately, risks are taken every day, and the risk of piercing a few students to a whole body of students seems to be a much better way out. That way, the teachers wanting to protect their students, as well as themselves, can act as a precaution, for most real teachers know that, if an emergency situation came up, it would surely be atrocious to go back and see that less harm could have been done by and by all.As Knickerbocker says, The NRA and other gun advocates view allowing guns on school property as a safety measure (2) therefore, overall, if an organization such as the National Rifle Association wer e to agree that teachers should have the advantage to step up in emergency situations in order to protect their students, as well as themselves, then it shouldnt be such a authoritative matter to allow guns to be carried by teachers after all.Works Cited Arming Teachers and School Staff with Guns. schoolsecurity. org. National School Safety and Security Services, 1996-2008. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. Kinckerbocker, Brad. Should Teachers Be Able to Bring Guns to School? seattletimes. nwsource. com. The Seattle Times Company, 2007. Web. 2 Oct. 2012.

Preliminary Test and Solubility Classification of Organic Compounds

shiter Test and solubility Classification of native Compound Keene Louise Topacio, Christopher Jay Robidillo Abstract The experiment focuses on how to contraryiate thoroughgoing complicateds by its operable throngs. It is d unrivaled by forward taste and with the solubility analyse. feeler shield apply 2 cognise conglomerates alike the unappreciateds. Physical state, pretext, odour, and fire examination were noted. The known compounds be in original and perfect compounds. A coincidence is make from the bill in the unknown warning, by which we had reason t wear on that point were two positive compounds and one in ingrained among the unknowns.In sight to entertain a smashed background ab let out the solubility campaign, we first categoriseify organic compounds of known running(a) separate using the said test. Butyl platitude, grain alcohol sucrose, butyraldehyde, ethanoic loony toons, methyl aminoalkane, nitrophenol, diethyl ethoxyethane, ben zoic paneling and propanone were used. It is establish out that they atomic number 18 class X, Sn, S, N, Sa, Sb, S, N, A1 and Sn, respectively. We use pissing, ether, HCl, NaOH, NaHCO3, H2SO4, litmus root word, and phenolphthalein in baring each compound base on their solubility and color change. It follows a current scheme on testing the compound.Each test leave alone link to an separate test until we ended up with the class of that compound. We finally determine the class of the collar unknowns. It is open up out to be an Sb amine -, S -salt -, and an N - remindful compound-. Keywords solubility, classification, organic compounds, solubility test, preliminary test Introduction One primary(prenominal) deduct of experimental organic chemistry is to be able to disassemble and expose an unknown organic compound from its useful crowds. There argon several steps in order to acquire this and there is no definite process. But there be doctrinal ways in unlike experime ntal organic chemistry books.For this experiment it go away evince the preliminary examination and solubility characteristics of around known organic compounds and unknown smacks. Preliminary test is fundamentalally noting studys with lesser effort comp atomic number 18d to the different tests the physiologic state, color, odor, and its ignition properties. Physical state of a substance earth-closet experience a distinction among organic compounds for the reason that at room temperature close to of organic compounds ar in its tranquil state. This is cod to the intermolecular forces of tenderness in the compound. The color is also informative because most pure organic compounds ar white or colorless.Some discolorations of brown color be effect of oxidation defendion. The odor of many organic compounds, especially the ones that learn lower molar mass argon steeply distinctive. Also, useable separateings conduct its own different touch concomitantly alcohols, ketones, esters, aliphatic and aromatic hydro carbon physical compositions. perplexity must be detect while stinking the unknown try on because large amounts of organic vapors should never be inhaled because of toxicity. The ignition test involves a procedure in which a drop or two of a liquid or about 50-100 mg of a fast is heated gently on a crucible with a bunsen burner burner flame.Whether a material melts at low temperature or besides upon thaw much strongly is and so(prenominal) noted. The flammability and the nature of any flame from the sample atomic number 18 also put down. A yellow, sooty flame is indicative of an aromatic or a highly unsaturated aliphatic compound a yellow but non-sooty flame is characteristic of aliphatic hydrocarbons. The atomic number 8 study of a substance makes its flame more colorless or downhearted high oxygen content lowers or prevents flammability, as does halogen content. The unmistakable and unhappy odor of sulfur dioxide indi cates the presence of sulfur in the compound.If a white, nonvolatile balance wheel is left after ignition, a drop of piddle is added and the resulting sedimentary solution is tested with litmus or pHydrion wallpaper a metal(prenominal) salt is indicated if the solution is alkaline. Solubility of an organic compound in different firmness of purposes put forward present useful but not efficient information about the presence or absence of certain functional groups. It is because the can buoyonic principle in solubility is a interchangeable(p) dissolves like. In order to have a more distinct result a systematic approach arse be considered and it is by solubility classification. First is to test the solubility of the unknown in water.Several structural features of the unknown fuel be deduced if it is water- meltable. It must be of low molar mass and will usually contain no more than four to five carbon atoms, unless it is polyfunctional. Also, it must contain a glacial gro up that will form a hydrogen bond with water, such as the hydroxy group of an alcohol or a carboxyl sultry, the amino functionality of an amine, or the carbonylic group of aldehydes or ketones. Esters, amides, and nitriles dissolve to a lesser extent, and acid. chlorides or anhydrides react with water rather than simply breakup in it.Test in ether for water disintegrable compounds are also observed this is to identify nevertheless the functional groups in ther unknown. On the some other hand, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and alkyl halides are water-in fat-soluble. Supplementary test such as solubility in hydrochloric acid, then sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, and finally tested in sulphuric acid must be done accordingly. Solubility in one or more of these acids and bases is defined in terms of the compound being more soluble in base or acid than in water and reflects the presence of an acid-forming or basic functional group in the water-insoluble unknown compound.Methodo logy The experiment was divided into two parts and the group was given three unknowns. The first part was for the preliminary test. Data were recorded according to the somatic state, color, and odor of the compound. Small amount of the test compounds, slovenly person nitrate, acetic acid also the unknowns were placed in separate porcelain crucible. It was then heated and covered. Observations were noted. If balances were sighted it was tested for acidity or basicity using a drop of distilled water and a litmus paper. Also, a drop of 15% HCl was added to determine if there was formation of hit man.Lastly, flame test using a nichrome wire was also observed in order to determine if metals were present. For the fleck part of the experiment, solubility class test. 1mL of the solvents water, ether, HCl, NaOH, NaHCO3, and H2SO4, were placed on separate micro test tubes. A drop or pinch of the test compounds butyl bromide, ethanol, sucrose, butyraldeyde, ethanoic acid, methylamine, ni trophenol, diethyl ether, benzoic acid, propanone, and the unknowns, were added to the solvent. It was then conflate and observed if it dissolved or not, miscible or not, or if there are discoloration present.The solubility flow graph was used in order to classify the compounds. Results and Discussion Preliminary test determines the physical state, color, odor, and the combustion reaction of the compound during ignition. It is shown in delay 1. That squealer nitrate which is blue liquid has an odorless smell while it produces a green flame when it is ignited. On the other hand, an organic compound, acetic acid, is liquid and is colorless. It has a sour smell and it produces no residue when it is ignited. With respect with our group samples, all are in liquid state while differs in odor.A1 has a very foul odor, while A2 possess an alcohol like then A3 have a strong odor. A1 and A3 does not have a residue after it was heated it yet evaporated and evolution of smelly (unpleasant) g as was also observed. In the case of A2 there were close to black residue and after ignition, a red flame was observed. Table 1 Preliminary Examination Data X Cu(NO3)2 C2H4O2 A1 A2 A3 A unstable Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid B Blue dull Colorless Colorless Colorless C odorless sour foul Alcohol like Strong D Green flame orange No residue red orange X compounds, A physical state, B color, C odor, D ignition test Copper nitrate and acetic acid are both in liquid phase. Normally, an organic compound such as acetic acid is a colorless liquid. Copper nitrate, on the other hand, is in aqueous form. Although they are in the said(prenominal) phase, it doesnt mean that they have the same volatility and solubility. Upon ignition, their volatility differences are noticed. The presence of ash is observed in copper nitrate while on acetic acid there is no present. It is an sign that there was solid present in copper nitrate solution.Since a solid is not volatile, we can easily identify t he presence of solid upon ignition. Thus, it is an indication that the physical state of copper nitrate is actually solid. Finally, copper nitrate has color while acetic acid has none. It is because of the presence of metal in the aqueous copper nitrate. While for our unknowns, it was all in liquid form which has an ammonia-like smell A1, alcohol like smell A2 and strong smell A3. By that, the one will know that A1 is already an amine. When it is ignited, it produces no ash and no soot. It is an indication that there is no metal present.Also, we found out that it was an organic compound because the observation was interchangeable with acetic acid. By all obtained observation, it is possible that A1 is an amine. For A2, it was observed that it contains metal, for the reason that when it ignited the flame was red with that we could say that it is a salt. vague A3, was found out to be an organic compound because the observation was similar with acetic acid. We cant determine the comp ound with just preliminary test due to the insufficient entropy. Table 2. 1 Solubility Test Data Y C4H9Br C2H5OH C12H22O11 C4H8O C2H4O2A B C D E F G - - - H - colorless - - colorless I X Sn S N Sa Y Compounds, A Water, B Ether, C HCl, D NaOH, E- NaHCO3, F- H2SO4, G Litmus Paper, H Phenolphthalein, I Solubility Class Table 2. 2 Solubility Test Data (Known) It is found out in Table 2. 1 and 2. 2 that ethanol, sucrose, nitrophenol, ethanoic acid, methyl amine, diethyl ether and propanone are soluble in water while butyl bromide, butyraldehyde, and benzoic acid are not. (Table 2. can identify the intermolecular forces of attraction and polarity from the structure and the functional group) Since water is a polar compound (possesses hydrogen bond) it is a poor solvent for saturated hydrocarbons. As we all know, saturated hydrocarbons are not polar because they only posses Van der Waals intermolecular force. referable to long chains (or high mol ecular weights) do not affect by polarity peachyly unsaturated hydrocarbons such as aromatic hydrocarbons have similar solubility with saturated hydrocarbons. The introduction of halogen atoms does not alter the polarity appreciably.It does no attach the molecular weight, and for this reason, the water solubility falls off. On the other hand, salts are extremely polar, the ones encountered in this work generally being water soluble. Y CH5N C6H5NO3 C4H10O C6H5COOH C3H6O A B C D E F G - - - H pink colorless - - colorless I Sb S N A1 Sn Y Compounds, A Water, B Ether, C HCl, D NaOH, E- NaHCO3, F- H2SO4, G Litmus Paper, H Phenolphthalein, I Solubility ClassAs might expected, acids and amines generally are more soluble than neutral compounds. The amines believably owe their abnormally high solubility to their dip to form hydrogen-bonded complexes with water molecules. This theory is also linked with the fact that the solubility of amines dimi nishes as the basicity decreases. It also explains the observation that many tertiary amines are more soluble in cold than hot water. Apparently at lower temperatures, the solubility of the provide is involved whereas at higher temperatures the hydrate is unstable and the solubility measures are that of the free amine.Ethers, esters, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, nitriles, amines, acids and amines may be considered together with respect to water solubility. Due to their similarity in structure with water, their solubility is high. For that, the solute-solvent interaction is strong because of their compatibility made possible by their honey oil polarity. Because of the polar nature of water compounds owe their solubility in it almost entirely to the polar groups which they may contain. The functional groups stated above are hydrophilic. As the hydrocarbon percentage increases, the hydrophobic part also increases.As a result, the solubility in water of these compounds containing fu nctional groups, decreases as the hydrocarbon chain is getting longer or the ring is present. The tendency of certain oxygen-containing compounds to form hydrates also contributes to water solubility. The stability of this hydrate is therefore, a factor in determining water and ether solubility. These compounds have great solubility in water because of their capability to form hydrates. It is the reason wherefore diethyl ether and propanone are soluble in water.On the other hand, although generally, aldehydes are soluble in water, butyraldehyde is not. It is due to long chain of the butyl hydrocarbon. For the same reason as for long chains of amines, aromatic alcohols and aromatic carboxylic acid do not exhibit solubility in water. greater number carbon chains due to ring decreases the effect of polarity. For propanone, it doesnt just dissolve in water. It undergo reaction which is a nucleophilic assenting reaction. As a consequence, it yields a diol. As for the compounds that are water soluble, we can still further classify them through their solubility in ether.It is obtained that ethanol, ethanoic acid, methyl amine, propanone are soluble while insoluble compound are sucrose and nitrophenol. Since dipole bond is present on ether groups, it can differentiate short chain ethers, alcohols, carboxylic acid, ketone and amines from doughs. Ethers cannot dissolve carbohydrates, such as sucrose. Thus, it can be classified as class S. Table 2. 3 Structure and Functional Groups of Known Compounds Compound Structure Functional group Butyl bromide, C4H9Br Alkyl halides Ethanol, C2H5OH alcohols Sucrose, C12H22O11 Carbohyd-ratesButyraldehyde Aldehydes Ethanoic acid Carboxylic acid Methyl amine Amines Nitrophenol Alcohols Diethyl ether Ethers Benzoic acid Carboxylic acid Propanone Ketone The water soluble organic compounds that are also soluble in ether are monofunctional group compounds. We can classify their functional group base on their acidity and basici ty and it is done with the use of litmus paper. When the blue litmus paper is dropped in the test compounds, only at ethanoic acid the litmus paper changes its color to red while at ethanol, methyl amine, diethyl ether and propanone.On the other hand, when red litmus paper is dropped on the test compounds, only methyl amine dour the R. L. P to blue while it remained at red for ethanol, diethyl ether and propanone. By that, we concluded that, ethanoic acid is an acid, methyl amine is a base while ethanol, diethyl ether and propanone are neutral. In the other realm, water-insoluble compounds such as butyl bromide, butyraldehyde, nitrophenol and benzoic acid are further tested with 5% HCl. It is obtained that none of these compounds are soluble in the disregard HCl.The explanation for this is that the acid can only dissolve are basic amines. Aliphatic amines (of any class) forms salts (a polar compound) when it is mixed with the dilute acid because of its basicity. 5% hydrochloric ac id is also polar so they are soluble. Those compounds that dissolve in 5% HCl will probably fall under class B, which are amines. Compounds that are insoluble in 5% HCl (all compounds) are then tested with 5% NaOH. It is observed that only benzoic acid is the only soluble compound. Compounds dissolve in aqueous base solutions because they form sodium salts hat are soluble in aqueous medium. Probably, it is the only compound which is sufficiently acidic to form salt with the dilute base. Upon comparison, carboxylic acid is the functional group which is the most acidic among all organic functional group aside from sulfonic and sulfinic acids. To prove it, we can compare the acid constant of the functional group of each compound tested. The soluble benzoic acid can still be classified as either a strong organic acid and as a weak organic acid. Upon mixing, it is found that it is a strong organic acid because it dissolves with the reagent.Thus, benzoic acid will fall under class A1 The compounds insoluble with 5% NaOH which are the butyraldehyde and butyl bromide and diethyl ether are further categorized. Upon mixing those compounds with the concentrated sulfuric acid, only butyraldehyde dissolves. So, butyraldehyde is on class X, while butyl bromide and diethyl ether are on class N. As we all know, butyraldehyde contains a functional group with oxygen (aldehyde), so it can undergo sulfonation with the concentrated acid. On the other hand, butyl bromide is saturated and has no functional group with O atom so it cant undergo sulfonation.Thus it is not soluble. Table 3. 1 Solubility Test Data (Unknown) unknown A B C D E F 1 2 3 A Water, B Ether, C HCl, D NaOH, E- NaHCO3, F- H2SO4 For solubility test of the 3 unknowns of the group, it is on Table 3. 1 and 3. 2, we initially confirm its solubility in water. It is found that A1 and A2 are soluble. From that, we can anticipate that our sample can be a monofunctional group compound with short chain or a carbohydrate or salts. So, the next steps for the water-soluble compounds were to check its solubility with ether.When we mixed ether and our samples were immiscible dissolves. From that, we may say that one is a salt. From the smell of the unknown A1 we already know that it will fall under amine that has a short chain so we stll tested it with litmus paper because amine are basic. It is observed that when red L. P. is exposed in the sample, it turned to blue, whereas the blue L. P. have no color change when it is exposed. It is an indication that our sample is basic. Thus, our assumptions are correct that it is a short-carbon chain, monofunctional amine and it falls under class SB. Table 3. Solubility Test Data (Unknown) unknown 1 2 3 a - b Pink - colorless c Sb S X Possible compounds Monofunctional alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amides, esters, aromatic amines, nitriles, and amides with five or fewer carbons. Salts of organic acids amine hydrochlorides, amino acids, polyfunctional compounds with hydrophilic functional groups, carbohydrates, polyhydroxy compounds, polybasic acids, etc. pure hydrocarbons, haloalkanes, arylhalides, other deactivated aromatic compounds, diaryl ethers a Litmus Paper, b Phenolphthalein, c Solubility ClassFor A3, being immiscible to water it was tested with HCl, NaOH, NaHCO3, and H2SO4 for its acidity or basicity. Unfortunately, it failed the entire tests so sum it up to a class X compound. Conclusion The objectives of the experiment were obtained. We were able to examine compounds by using the preliminary test. We were able to recognize the solubility class of each known compound given to us with the aid of solubility test. Finally, we were also able to classify organic compounds based on their solubility in some other compounds and on their acidity and basicity.The synopsis and identification of organic compound for this particular experiment consists of two parts which are probably adopted from common scheme s. This systematic approach enables us to have a precise analysis without spending much reagents, thus it is useful and efficient tool of identifying organic compounds. Both preliminary test and solubility test are considered. We concluded that preliminary test and solubility test are effective ways of classifying organic compounds. In preliminary test, we had seen the different properties of different compound by its physical state, color, odor and ignition test.We had compared the result of our unknown sample with the known ones, and upon comparison, we concluded that our sample is an organic compound which contains no metal. We had differentiated an organic compound from a non organic compound. An organic compound may be in a form of a solid or liquid, may be colored or not depending on the degree of conjugation, produces odor and has no ash during ignition because of the absence of metal. For our unknown sample, the significant observation is that its fishy, ammonia-like smell. Since it is an organic compound, we can say that it is an amine.By the study of solubility data it has been found possible to lay down certain generalizations which often enable one to predict the solubility behavior of a compound barely by inspection of its structural formula. In the solubility test, we found out the different class of the different organic compound. It is obtained that water soluble compounds are compounds which have a short-carbon chain compounds with monofunctional group and are carbohydrates. For ether, it is capable dissolving short-carbon chain compounds due to their common polarity.It is a way of differentiating carbohydrates from that. For those ether-soluble, their classifications are place based on their acidity or basicity since they are monofunctional. Acidic groups are carboxylic acids, basic groups are amines while neutral groups are alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and some carboxylic acid derivatives except the acid halides and anhydrides. For those insoluble compounds, a test for solubility with 5% HCl is made to identify strong bases such as amines that have longer chains or aromatic ring. The dilute acid can only form salt with strong bases, to dissolve.On the other hand, 5% NaOH is then used to check for the presence of acidic organic compounds. For acids, they can form salt with strong base such as NaOH, thus making it soluble. The 5% NaHCO3, which is a weak base is used to identify the degree of acidity of those obtained acidic organic compounds. Strong acidic acids are soluble with 5% NaHCO3 while weak organic acids are not. Lastly, neutral compounds with long chains or ring remained. The concentrated sulfuric acid is used in identifying functional group that has O and organic compounds that are unsaturated.Those compounds undergo sulfonation, making it soluble with the reagent. Solubility plays a major(ip) role in the identification and characterization of an organic compound. Through certain chemical tests, one can ide ntify an organic compound. These concepts regarding the solubility of organic compounds are primarily applied in identifying the nature and properties of carbon-containing compounds as rise up as predicting their behavior and reaction mechanism when allowed to be reacted with specific solvents during different chemical processes. References Baluyut John Y. G. , De Castro Kathlia A. Organic chemical science Laboratory for Chemical engineering science Students Part 2, 2004 Klein, David (2012). Organic Chemistry. Danvers. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , Gilbert, John. Experimental Organic Chemistry A miniscale and Microscale Approach 5th Ed. Australia, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning. http//www2. volstate. edu/chem/2020/Labs/classification. pdf http//www. sharjah. ac. ae/English/Academics/CentralLabs/asl/cl/Pages/IdentificationofOrganicCompounds. aspx http//www. wellesley. edu/Chemistry/chem211lab/Orgo_Lab_Manual/Appendix/ClassificationTests/index. html http//wwwchem. uwimona. edu. jm/lab_ma nuals/c10expt25. html

Sports Nutrition Market in India

1. Introduction This chapter deals with overview, objectives, methodology, sampling plan and limitations of the guinea pig. 1. . e trulyplaceview of the debate Business compendium of take out d cutting draw milk milk milk milk milk milk milk milk whey in India is non restricted to its well defined boundaries. Beca outlay of the nature of the intersection and its current status, it is guiled world-widely and genuinely sm all told quantity is traded in billet the country. The study is intended to study the effect of spherical changes on trade. withal the emphasis is laid on the application of whey as a increase for volume grocery.The idea is to visualize capabilities required for the same and ingest if all company raise fit into that specification. 2. . Objective of the study The study has been under taken to meet following objectives 1) To run into the structure, Conduct and performance of whey melody in India. 2) To understand the maturation of whey business in succeeding(a) five age. 3) To identify diagnose opportunities for GCMMF in whey business. 4) To propose commercialise place de just now strategy for GCMMF to enter into whey business 3. . Methodology followedThe study has hired personal visits to whey bear on plants and modern format stores, questionnaire conform to of middle schoolnasium visitors, ambiguous interviews with trainers, dieticians, and unstructured interview on telephone with employees of these plants, use of check discover for retailers and distrisolelyors. Secondary data from net profit and literature bring on been used. Sr. No Data required Data sources Tools used 1. Turnover, Supply. Market sh ar, Main harvest-feasts, merchandise original Internet, Unstructured interviews with the facilities- electrical condenser, engine room Profits, future estimates players, associated employees, yearbook Report study, Indian of take up , atomic outlet 18a of operation, supplier Export A gency-internet 2. Manu circumstanceurers, tolls, Volumes, Consuming segment, b distributivelys return Internet, Unstructured interviews with the in different formats, courses for different formats. formats, retailers, distributors, Annual Report study of Channel players 3. dissemination c up to(p)s, circumferences, mode of operation, Channel Internet, structured interviews. incentives 4. Institutional buyers, consumers-segment, consumer Consumers, Consumer position, structured/unstructured preferences, acceptability, product and nonice recognition Retailers interviews/focussed group surveys, Retailer survey ,benefits, value for money ,future commercialise- intensity level/sales 1. 4. Sampling plan The consumer related issuance is found on fifty consumers surveys withdrawed in nine cities namely Anand, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Karnal, Panchkula, Chandigarh and Gurgaon.The retailers, distributors and new-made Format Stores were approached rando mly without any restriction on poem. The idea has been to bunk soft and quantitative information both. 1. 5 Limitations of the study 1. The number of consumers surveyed is non sui panel to generalise the results. hitherto the results argon indicative in nature. 2. sentence allotted for the study is non sufficient. 3. Qualitative information has been used to understand different requirements of whey business in India. 4. Un handiness of authentic substitute sources for go aboutting information related to lycees, aesculapian stores, and whey utilisation in India etcetera . Understanding milk whey 2. 1. milk whey Introduction whey is a by-product of quit, Paneer and Shrikhand. It is a green yellowish fluid. It plenty excessively be called as the water of Paneer, Cheese, and Shrikhand . There be cardinal varieties of whey base on acidity sweet and acid whey. Similarly the break upification of whey has been done on the basis of its source e. g. racing shellin o r cheese. The create world has in reality high per capita habit of cheese with applaud to exploitation or underdeveloped world on that pointfore the whey output is generally concentrated in the developed countries only. 2. 2. Importance of wheyWhey contains rattling nutritive constituents corresponding Whey proteins -Immunoglobulin, amino-acids both essential and non-essential, lactoferin riboflavin, lactose etc which atomic number 18 real important for the body. Whey protein has very High biological and Protein readiness Ratio . in that locationof it is rated as the trounce protein. Because of technological advancement, these constituents can be separated from the whey. The importance of whey on that pointfore lies due to following reasons 1. extremely scathed because of very sophisticated technology and high use up for the separated constituents, these atomic number 18 highly expensed. 2.Whey has very high biologic Oxygen deal and Chemical Oxygen Demand ( 40000), therefore it poses serious threat to environment. The regime has made strict norms related to environmental pollution. ISO -14000 is basically meant for controlling the environmental pollution related to any manufacturing units. Above two reasons pose a challenge to the whey producing companies to efficiently utilise it. 2. 3. Properties and application of whey Because of the functionality of whey, it take notes use in the manufacture of various fields and products. knock back 1. Functionality and application of whey Functional Property Application Whipping/Foaming Egg slight cakes, Dessert, Whipped toppings Emulsification Sausages, Coffee whiteners, Soups, Cakes, Infant Formula, Biscuits Gelation Meats, Baked nutrients, Cheeses, curd, yoghurt Viscosity Soups, Gravies, Salad Dressings Water concealment/Mineral Binding Cakes, Meats , Sausages, Nutritional foods Solubility Beverages Br admiting Breads, Biscuits, Confectionery, Sauces Flavour/ ol reckony modalit y Baked satisfactorys, Biscuits, Confections From to a higher place table it is very much lucid that whey has very wide application in food and pharmaceutical companyceutical labor. 3. world(prenominal) Whey Business It has already been mentioned that the whey is a by-product of cheese which is chiefly consumed in the developed world, curiously Europe and United States. thereof its takings is mainly concentrated in these countries. planetary output of whey has been 177 mn MT in 2006 with a value of $ 9bn which is expected to train annually at 2-3 % for beside 5 long time. The major contribution in production i. e. approx. 94% is due to Cheese whey and emaining is due to casein whey. Salient features of Global Whey business About 70% is apply for industrial utilisation and remaining is used for cattle feed, fertilisers and well-nighwhat quantity goes waste. Fifty six percent of the whey used for industrial purpose is utilised for manufacturing of Whey demolishs and lactose while nearly 35% is utilised for Whey protein concentrate and permeate and the remaining 9% is used for Dimineralised products and blends. just about 80% of whey products atomic number 18 traded as commodity while 20% is traded as value added products. In global trade, USA ranks starting time in merchandise of whey powders(19. 4% divvy up) and China leads in import with 15. % sh argon. (See the annexure containing list of ten major exportingationing-importing countries) majority of key global whey processing companies are located in US and European union. (see the routine 1 on next page) 3. 2 milk sugar lactose is a very important constituent of whey . The total global production was 870000 MT which is expected to grow at the rate of 5-6 % annually. This is mainly used in pharmaceutical, bakery, confectionery fabrication and in the preparation of baby formula etc. The major global producers of lactose strike been shown in the figure 2. work 1 Global Whey processing companies pic rule 2 Global lactose producers picThe production and application pattern of lactose is different crossways different part of the world . This is evident from following pie diagram practice 3 Global Lactose Processors pic Figure 4 Application of Lactose in EU and US pic As far its global trade is concerned, USA still is the leader. The realisation from lactose has increased from $ 670 mn in 2004 to $ 1930 mn in 2006 mainly because of spurt in demand. accede 2 Global whey exporters and importers pic 3. 3 Global Price hiking Over the years there has been a steep rise in the prices of whey products due to increase in demand. Following table prove explain the change in the global prices over endure yearsTable 3 Global Prices (European Union) stratum WP ($/lb) WPC($/lb) Lactose($/lb) 2004 0. 284 0. 588 0. 1875 2005 0. 316 0. 82 0. 1925 2006 0. 489 0. 69 0. 3075 2007(May) 0. 727 1. 35 0. 4 outset USDA, NASS, dairy farm Market Report, 2007 As the whey from India is traded in the global securities industry, so the price fluctuation decides the volume of business from India. Since the prices of WPC, WP and Lactose earn increased substantially in travel 2 years and to a greater extent(prenominal) importantly in early 2007, therefore the profitability of the business has increased. When we analyze the price fluctuation of Skim milk powderise (SMP) and Whey powder with same protein then we go through that there has been undefended cut price appreciation in WP prices over SMP prices and the difference amidst per MT prices has in fact increased between these two commodities.Figure 5 Price of SMP and Whey proteins Source www. fas. usda. gov In 2007, the price rise has been very disruptive as evident from following graph showing the variation. Figure 6 Global Whey powder prices w. r. t SMP in 2007 Source USDA, NASS, Dairy Market Report, 2007 4. Indian Whey Industry Whey business in India has been in existence for last 15 y ears when Cepham Ltd and Mahan Protein started operation in 1992-1994. This business over the years has expanded in legal injury of volume and value and much Indian private companies call for entered into this business. 4. 1 building of Whey business in India The structure of Whey Industry in India can be explained infra 4. 1. The nature of industry Whey is a part of food industry. There are comparatively small numbers of whey processing companies in India un wish well milk processing companies. worrywise there are slight number of bulk domestic buyers of whey ground commodities in India. The production is mainly export oriented. 4. 1. 2 political sympathies regulation whey poses environmental threat because of very high B. O. D and C. O. D level. There are environmental regulations framed by the brass unlike SMP which has get under ones skin prone to export ban. Whey powders are not exposed to export ban till now. 4. 1. 3 Type of producers The whey processing companies are mainly the private Indian players.None of the Multi internal Companies and Co-operatives pretend ventured into this field as they are operating in mass grocery storeplace and dont want to enter into commodity market . However umteen a(prenominal) global producers are now eyeing India as a effectiveness manufacturing location because of the increased demand of whey products in the global market. 4. 1. 4 Cost and production considerations The technology of whey processing is to a greater extent sophisticated than that for traditional dairy products. Globally three coevals products are manufactured from whey. These are listed to a lower place. These require different kind of technology. Processing technology and product details has been mentioned in the following table. Table 4 Product manufactured and technology used in whey Generation product Product name Technology used First generation Whey powder, WPC 35,Lactose Ultra filtration / Nano-filtration Second generation W PC-80,DWP,Sweeteners,Minerals Ion -Exchange Third generation Whey protein fractions, Lactose derivatives, Chromatography, fractionation technology WPH,WPI The cost of production mainly depends on the procurance price of raw material like milk and the availability of milk by dint of out the year .Due to unavailability of milk end-to-end the year , the production in many plants are stopped during the bend period i. e. April- July. 4. 1. 5 major(ip) whey processing companies in India Whey business has not been a big industry in terms of quantity of milk processed. When we consider the quantity of milk processed by all the Indian companies the quantity of milk diverted for whey production is less than 1%. presently there are mainly octad whey processing companies in India. The daily milk handling capacities and production capacities of these plants stir been mentioned in the following table 5. Table 5 Major whey processing companies in India Name milk handling casein WPC-W P Lactose Capacity (MT/Day) (MT/day) (MT/Day) (hundred thousand lts /day) VRS Foods Ltd 15 40 20 25 Mahaan Proteins 6 15 10 18 modernistic Dairies Ltd 10 25 15 18 Dynamix Dairies Ltd 5 8 5 8 Milk food Ltd 8 15 10 15 Cepham Ltd 6 14 8 12 Bhole Baba Dairy 10 24 14 15 f sink Milk Spl. Ltd. 5 10 6 0 sum of money 65 151 88 111 Annual(2007 Estimate) 17793. 75 33069 19272 24309 Source informal, ex-employees. Most of these companies are situated in the northern part of India and the main reason sighted was availability of milk in these areas.From the table it s very evident that VRS Foods, Sahibabad is the leader with 22% contribution in the total milk utilisation followed by Karnal base raw Dairies with production concentration 16%. One of the key features of the whey industry in India has been its fast evolution. There were mainly 4 whey processing companies in India till 2005,which increased to 8 in 2007, or so of which carry started operation in late 2006. The re ason of this expansion has been the increase in demand of the whey establish products and rise in global prices of these products. The evolution and expansion of the whey industry in India depart be clear from following graph. Figure 7 Expansion of whey industry in India olibanum the expansion has been by one hundred twenty% in last two years.Looking the lucre in the industry much companies are mentation to enter into this business. close to the companies which are thinking to enter into the business are a) Anik ,Etah b) Hatsun Agro,Chennai c) Doiba Foods, Palwal d) Nectar,Pathankoth e) VRS Foods,SahibabadIt is going to start its new by-product unit in Nasik. These companies are expected to add 40 hundred thousand ltrs of milk to the existing industry volume by 2009. As already been mentioned, these plants are using the casein whey . Only Dynamix Dairies Ltd. , Baramati is using well-nigh(a) cheese whey for manufacturing whey powders. 4. 1. 6 Major buyers of whey products in India The whey Powders, Lactose, Whey protein concentrates, Dimineralised whey Powders etc are mainly exported.However in India these are used by many pharmaceutical, dairy, bakery, confectionery companies etc. more or less of the major bulk buyers intromit Nestle, Glaxo-Smithclime Beecham Ltd, Wockhardt Ltd, Novartis, Cadilla. There are small buyers as well but these are mainly in bakery and confectionery industry. WPC has been used widely in Ice-cream industry. Similarly Lactose and DWP are being used in baby formula and neutraceuticals. Exact volume of industry wise utilisation in India is not addressable. However it has been said by the industry mountain that some (approx. 75-80%) of Whey powders and WPC are exported but lactose is consumed locally in more quantity. 4. 1. 7 Entry and Exit barriers in whey business industry India currently the Indian whey industry is running and expanding because of the rise in the global prices of these products. As per the views of the in dustry experts some of the launching barriers in whey business include a) The availability of raw milk As intimately of the dairy plants are already into different dairy products manufacturing, so they are able to procure most of the milk of that region. The new entrant go away have to divert milk from the existing players. It leave mean more prices to be paid to the producers. This unavailability of milk becomes a major entry barrier. b) High enthronization As the whey processing plants require relatively more sophisticated plant and technology, therefore a large list of investment has to be made.For example, most of the existing whey processing plants have invested somewhat 70- snow crores for 10 lakh ltrs plant. This is a key barrier. This high investment also becomes an exit barrier as these equipments cannot be used for otherwise dairy products. And coupled with the above reason, there are les numbers of concourse buying out the machineries. This kick upstairs disco urages the existing players to exit. The live examples are Mahaan Proteins Ltd. and Ceepham Milk Specialities Ltd, Derabassi which are finding it difficult to procure milk in sufficient quantity and simultaneously unable to sale it off for better price. 4. 1. 8 Product differentiation Currently the whey based powders are traded in commodity markets.So there is no differentiation in terms of strike out and specificity. However, there some companies like VRS Foods, are making specific products like 28% Dimineralised Whey Protein Concentrate for Nestle. 4. 1. 9 Location profit Most of the plants are situated in northern part of India particularly Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. Some companies like VRS Foods have locational prefer as they are fork up in the area where milk production is maximum and there is no control of any co-operative and Multinational companies in terms of milk procurement. So, they are open to procure more milk at comparatively set down rate than in those a reas where there are co-operatives and MNCs having firm procurement base.The locational advantage however does not help more in case of pitch transportation cost as most of the manufactured products are meant for export only. 4. 2. Conduct of the whey processing companies in India As already mentioned, the Whey processing plants are operating in commodity market. So there is no advantage in terms of leaf blades. The advantage however lies with celebrate to availability of technology. Some of the compaies like VRS Foods have dimineralisation facilities unlike others. The summary of the conduct of the whey processing companies can be represented through table 6 provided below. Table 6 Conduct of whey processing companies in India Name Name of Major selling Any alliance Future Brand activity butts/Remark VRS Foods Ltd Paras Export, Nestle Nestle-Production Handling capacity to cut off increase by 6 lakh/Day (28%DWPC, 600MT/Month-Lactose Mahaan Proteins Mahaan Ex port, UF line revamped Wockhardt, GSK, Novartis Modern Dairies Ltd Nulife Export Olam International Handling capacity to increase by 5 lakh Dynamix Dairies Ltd - Export ,Nestle, Olam International - Pharmaceutical companies Milk food Ltd Milk Food Export - - Bhole Baba Dairy Krishna Export, - - Pharmaceutical companies Thus from the table we get that Dynamix Dairies Ltd and Modern Dairies Ltd sells their products to Olam International. For lactose, however Dynamix has local agent situated in Mumbai. other(a) companies export on their own denounce. VRS Foods, Modern Dairies and Mahaan proteins are already thinking of increasing their handling capacities. This is likely to be operational by next year. 4. 2. 1 Where are the whey products exported?As already been mentioned, most of the whey products are exported to various countries. The export has also increased drastically during last two years. The major exporting destinations have been listed in the f ollowing table. Table 7 Exporting destinations of whey products from India Country Name 2004 % dole out 2005 % share KOREA RP 391 72. 11% 279 10. 30% Canada 97 17. 88% 0 0 Bangladesh 40 7. 6% 0 0 BAHARAIN 11 1. 99% 3 0. 13% Oman 2 0. 43% 82 3. 05% Sri Lanka 1 0. 23% 0 0 Thailand 0 0% 0 0 CHINA P RP 0 0% 2,091 77. 30% Japan 0 0% 174 6. 4% Malaysia 0 0 75 2. 78% Total(000, USD) 542 2704 Annual produce (%) in export398. 9 Source www. apeda. com From the above table we find that the major exporting destinations for India are china, Korea, Japan, Malaysia and Oman. There has been change in the contribution in export from different countries. China has become the main exporting destinations with more than 77% share in total export in 2005.This is primarily because of the rise in demand for whey based products due to emphasis of china government on sports and upcoming sports events. 4. 3. Performance of whey business in India The performance of whey business in India c ould be understood through performance under following parameters 4. 3. 1 force of production Efficiency of production mainly relies on the consistent and regular bring home the bacon of raw material mainly milk . It has been observed that in lean temper there is unavailability of milk and therefore the plant runs at depress capacity and thus efficiency reduces. As per the comments of industry experts, the output has been more than 100 % during flush season when there is regular and sufficient supply of milk. 4. 3. Profitability The profitability of whey business is highly dependent ion the global prices foe WP, WPC, Lactose and the procurement price of raw milk. Over last two years it has been very profitable as the price of milk has remained same and the global prices of the products have sky rocketed. The profitability ranges from 10-30 % depending on price fluctuation as reported by industry persons. 4. 3. 3 surface of industry output The size of Whey industry has been esti mated to be around 4 five hundred0 MT in India in 2007which is expected to grow very fast. With respect to global scenario, the Indian whey industry is expected to grow at more than 20% over next 4-5 years. 4. 3. Technical progress Currently India is manufacturing generation one whey products. There are some cases (VRS Foods) where ion deepen etc has been added which lead to 2nd generation products. But in next 4-5 years the concentration is likely to remain on the production of 1st generation product only. 4. 3. 5 Growth The whey industry is expanding very fast. As been mentioned earlier the daily processing of milk is likely to rise from 65 lakh ltrs/day to 105 lakh ltrs/day in India. Thus the harvest-festival is likely to be 60% over 2007 by 2009 in volumes. Similarly the export is likely to increase by more than 75% in next two years. 5. Value added products of whey proteinsWhey constituents are used in various areas ranging from bakeries, confectionery to health products like infant formula and protein appendixs. Apart from these, the use ranges from a normal whey fuddle to whey protein based drinks. Protein concomitants have been classified into two broad categories based on its manufacturer. These are Pharma protein supplements and Non-Pharma Protein supplements . Pharma protein supplements are manufactured by pharmaceutical companies while Non-Pharma Protein supplements are manufactured either by a nutrition or food company. 5. 1. Pharma protein supplements market in India 5. 1. 1 Some of the key features of protein supplements made by pharmaceutical companies are 1.These products are consumed by the recommendation of doctors mainly and in some cases the past find related to product use is the force to purchase these products. 2. This is an organized market and the players are well established in the market. 3. These products over the years have also become Over the Counter (OTC) products. It has been found that brands like proteinex symbolizes a ll range of protein supplements. Table 8Indian Pharma Protein Supplement market. form2006-07 Volume (Ton) Value ( US $ mn) Proteinex sales 4274. 941 95. 0197 Protein supplement market-sales(estimated-2007) 15267. 65 270. 6537 Annual growth rate of protein supplement category (%)17 Annual growth rate of proteinex (%) 25 Market share of proteinex (%) 28 Source Sourcewww. eac. dk/eac_en/ir/pr/2002, www. wockhardt. co. uk Some of the major brands of protein supplements addressable in India have been listed below in the table. Table 9 Major brands of Pharma protein supplements in India Brand Manufacturer Proteinex Wockhardt Protenose Allembic B-protein Britishbiologicals Spert Novartis Alprovit Alchem GRD Cadilla Ultrich Wallace Promolan Piramal Resource Novartis 5. 1. Distribution channel of Pharma Protein supplements in India As already been mentioned, the Pharma protein supplements market in India is organized in nature. To understand the value chain of these products the proteinex channel has been used. The table shown below explains the scattering channel of proteinex. Table 10 Distribution channel of Pharma protein supplements in India. Channel Price at different levels(Rs/200 gm proteinex*) % Margin Manufacturer 68. 5 20 Superstockist 68. 5+27. 5=96 3 Distributor 96+4. =100. 1 7 Retailer 100. 11+9. 59=109. 7 20 Consumer 109. 7+27. 4=137 0 Source unceremonious talks with retailers and wholesale dealers in Ahmedabad. 6. Non Pharma Protein Supplement market Current Scenario Non pharma protein supplements market in India is at nascent stage . This is relatively less organized market when we compare it with the Pharma protein supplements.Basically there are two kinds of Non-Pharma Protein supplements based on their place of manufacturing 1. Domestic Indian 2. Imported 6. 1. Imported Protein supplements As the name suggests these are manufactured mainly in countries of European Unions, USA, and Australia. 6. 1. 1 These imported pr otein supplements have following key features in Indian context 1. These are premium priced. 2. In many cases, these supplements dont have traceability in terms of their manufacturers and importing-exporting agencies. In some cases however it was found to have these information. 3. These products have high protein concentrates, mainly whey proteins. 4.There are sole whey protein supplements accessible in the Indian market. Whey protein ranges from 35 % to 100%. 5. These supplements are having packing size ranging from 2. 2 lb to 10 lb. 6. The final price in the Indian market is dependent on the retailer as it was found to be reprinted on the jars/containers. 7. These products do not have consistent supply as verbalized by some of the distributors. 8. These products are mainly sold by the lyceum owners and dedicated protein supplement stores. These products are largely unavailable in medical stores and Speciality stores. However in some cities like Mumbai, some Modern Format Store s like Big Bazaar is keeping this product. 6. 1. 2 Major imported brands in IndiaGlobally some of the famous brands of Non-Pharma Protein supplements have been mentioned below AST Sports Science, Beverly Internationa, Biotest, Champion Nutrition, Cytodyne, Cytosport ,EAS Gaspari ,Instone Nutrition, Labrada Nutrition, Met Rx, MuscleTech, Optimum Nutrition, Pinnacle ProLab ,SAN Nutrition, Twin Lab, Universal Nutrition, VPX Supplements. However not all of these brands are available in India. Some of the famous brands which are available in India are Optimum,Prolab,Hercules,Muscletech,EAS,Universal,Labrada, Amway etc. It was observed that Optimum brand has maximum reach in terms of placement. These brands have different variants based on whey protein content, special ingredients like Branched Chain aminic Acid (BCCA), other essential micronutrients etc. 6. 1. 3 Distribution channel of Non-Pharma Protein SupplementsThe scattering channel of N-PPS could be understood through following f igure Figure 8 Distribution channel of imported N-PPS pic Thus we find that there are mainly 6 channels of distribution. Based on the responses of the middle school owners, retailers, distributors, Modern Format Stores employees, the security deposit available for the intermediaries is between 40-50%. This further increases when the prices have been reprinted on the product. It has been evince by these intermediaries that the distributors have a bound of 15-20% while retailers have margin of 25-30 %. These retailers and gyms have higher(prenominal) margin based on the number of intermediaries in the channel, the less the number of intermediaries, the more the margins available.Thus for modern format store as a placement point, the margins available for sharing is around 40-45% ,from which they can give discounts to consumers up to 5-10 % . This trend was seen in Mumbai unlike other metropolitan cities such as Delhi. Similarly, in some medical stores these products were kept and t he discount was not available to the consumers. These retail points were garnering 30% of the margin. 6. 2. Indian Non Pharma Protein Supplement market current scenario The Indian non-pharma protein supplement market is unorganised in nature . There are many small players operating in different regions of the country. It has been observed that these players are not able to reach different regions of India.These protein supplements have not become a brand in India. 6. 2. 1 Some of the important features of Indian Non pharma protein supplements are 1. It is manufactured by local and very small players. 2. Prices are kept higher to give it quality product look. 3. The exact root word i. e. protein source, its concentration etc is not mentioned. 4. The manufacturing date, location etc are not mentioned. Labelling is a bother in many cases. 5. These products are strongly thought to be having very harmful side effects. 6. These products have very high margins. It has been observed ofte n that the margin ranged from 40-60% for the retailer on these Non-pharma protein Supplements. 7.These products are mainly sold in packing size of 500gms, 1 kg, 2 kgs and 5 kgs. 8. These products find good penetration in medical stores and gyms. But these gyms and stores are of relatively lower category. 6. 2. 2 Some of the major Indian brands of non-pharma protein supplements are 1. Nutramen 2. Endura 3. Stamin 4. Bodyplus 5. ESN 6. Some brands possess by gym owners like Talwalkers. These are the gym chains. They manufacture protein supplements for their own consumers. 6. 2. 3 Distribution Channel of Indian Non-pharma protein supplements The existing distribution channel for Indian non-pharma protein supplements have been explained using following diagram.Figure 9 Distribution channel of Indian N-PPS pic From above diagram it could be understood that there are three channels of distribution unlike imported NPPS. The margin available for the intermediaries is around 40%. These prod ucts however are sold in general through gyms and medical stores. Supplements stores have very little share in the total off take, the exact quantity not available. From the diagram it is also very evident that the margins available for the distributor is 15 %. In some cases when he himself becomes the retailer i. e. the gym owner then he has margin of 40% from which he also gives discounts to the consumers. 7. Survey summary 7. 1. Gym GoersSome of the key findings of the consumer survey based on nine cities have been listed below 1. Profile of the gym goers these mainly belong to class A1, A2, B1 category of irregular (Socio Economic Classification). Although the age ranges from 15 yrs to 60 yrs but mostly the gym goers are between 20-40 yrs of age range. They are students (mainly), professionals, executives, government employees, housewives etc. These people wear fair, reputed and contemporary outfit. 2. Category of gym goers 65-70% of members are male and 30-35 % is females. In small cities however the % of females is slightly less (20%). 3. Joining health clubs and gyms has become one of the key options for the people to keep themselves fit. 4.Awareness about the whey protein supplements is not adequate. People are not able to differentiate between sports, health and fitness drinks. 5. Most of the consumers, gym trainers and dieticians surveyed responded that whey protein is the best protein. 6. The gym goers perceive the fear of harmful effects of protein supplements. They think that these contain steroids. 7. Protein supplement users approximately 30-40% of the gym goers are the regular members. On an average the % of gym goers is 10-12% of the total members. 8. The average member size of gym ranged from 250 in Karnal to 757 in Mumbai. The average of all these cities being 524 members per gym. 9.The average gym density varied from 38000 in Anand to 75000 in Delhi. Gym density is the macrocosm of the locality split up by the number of gyms in that locality. The average is around 53000. 10. Around 0. 98% of the population goes to the gyms. 0. 37 % of the total population are the regular members of the gyms. 11. average out Per capita monthly consumption of protein supplement by the protein supplement users is 830 gms and the per capita monthly expenditure is Rs 1370. 12. The purchase from the influence of gym trainers is 63%. More is in case of smaller cities than the bigger cities. 13. The aggregate demand of the N-PPS in Urban India is 2383 MT having value 427 crores. 14.Consumers view superior and high protein content, absence of any side effects, presence of other essential nutrients and mass building capacity of the product as the key attributes of the product. Price, brand, taste, and packaging did not find significant importance. Powder was understood product format for them. 15. Most of the consumers whole agree with Amul brand signifying quality, value for money and easy availability. 16. Most of the consumers some what agreed with the fact that big companies can enter into the N-PPS business . But they agreed that Amul can become a leader. 17. Developing value for money product, creating awareness and identifying the upright distribution channel exit be the key for Amul to become market leader. 7. 2.Key findings from Retailers and distributors interview/interaction These are based on the qualitative interaction with the current intermediaries in the distribution channel of the N-PPS. 1. Most of the retailers indicated higher margin in absolute term being the motivation for placing these products in their stores. 2. It has been observed that the off take of the product is more from gyms and recommended stores. The recommendation actually playing significant role in product off-take. 3. Retailers were agreeing on the fact that side effect is the main concern for consumer. 4. A trusted brand is needed for these products to be consumed by more aspiring people. 5.Amul could be productive provid ed it offers the similar kind of incentives in absolute terms to the placement points like retailers-gyms, Stores etc. 6. How Amul Creates and spreads awareness will decide the penetration of the product. 7. Purchase from retail outlets like big bazaar is possible when consumers are aware of these products. 7. 3. realize points of dieticians and the food scientists Based on the views of the scientists of reputed institutes like National Dairy interrogation Institute, Karnal, the key factors which will decide the acceptance of these products will be teaching of products based on Indian likes (e. g. taste, flavour etc. and communication of these products to the consumers. The scientists expressed that the consumers must be educated about the whey protein being the best protein, and the convenience protein as it easily mixes into the blood. The dieticians at various gyms were acknowledging the fact that whey proteins are the best proteins. They also said that the consumers are very eager about the results. They expect quick results. Whey proteins because of very high Biological value produce fast result. Whey proteins can also be used for fitness and efficiency building. It can be used by fat and obese people. It not only compensates for their energy requirement but also provides lean muscle.Dieticians expressed that Body to Mass Ratio (BMR) is a very good indicator for protein requirement. 8. Estimation of Demand of Non-pharma protein supplements in India As already mentioned the Non-pharma protein supplement market in India is highly unorganised and very less secondary information is available in related to number of gyms, gym density, per capita NPPS consumption, market growth rate etc. Therefore aboriginal research was done using consumer survey questionnaire, and checklist for retailers particularly gyms. Nine cities were taken into consideration. 8. 1. Following assumptions have been taken into consideration while estimating demand of NPPS in India 1. The N-PPS are consumed mainly by the gym goers. 2.The list of the number of gyms available from internet and the number of gyms reported by the gym owners in each city were considered together. The former was addicted 30% weight and the later was given 70 % . The basic idea was to make an approximation based on the response of the gym owners, consumers and the available list. 3. The annual multiplication factor has been mensurable based on the consumption pattern of protein supplements users. Generally a consumer uses the products for 7 months in a year. Around 20% of consumers leave the product in a month, while 80% continue for above mentioned period. Also 80% of the protein supplement users actually continue for 7 months. Thus multiplication factor = 0. 8*0. 8*7+0. 2*1=4. 68. 4. fairish per capita monthly consumption of protein supplements (among users only) and their monthly expenses on it are the parameters used for demand devotion in terms of quantity and value. 5. The respo nse of the retailers and gym owners regarding growth of the market has been considered for finding the average annual growth rate and using it for interpret demand for next 5 years. 6. The amount of N-PPS consumed is a mixture of 40 % and 70% whey protein powders. So, the final demand estimated will represent 55% whey protein containing N-PPS. Table 11 City wise demand melodic theme of N-PPS Cities Population Number of gyms Listed gyms Estimated gyms Gym density 2007(approx. response based internet based ratio(70/30) Mumbai 19264521 500 214 414. 2 46510 Pune 4408248 120 71 105. 3 41864 Delhi 15095075 250 81 199. 3 75740 Gurgaon 1000000 30 21 47619 Panchkula 200000 12 8. 23810 Chandigarh 900000 40 28 32143 Karnal 200000 10 7 28571 Ahmedabad 5304257 100 26 77. 8 68178 Anand 400000 15 10. 5 38095 Total 46772101 1077 871. 5 53669 continued (table horizontally associated with next one) Average gym % of people Avg monthly Avg monthly Supplement Monthly goers/gym g oing gym consumption(gm) budget(Rs) user/gym consumption(MT) 757 1. 63 825 1750 74 25. 14 580 1. 39 733 1400 65 4. 99 471 0. 2 925 1540 59 10. 90 467 0. 98 733 1233 65 1. 00 367 1. 54 600 850 48 0. 24 450 1. 40 1250 1500 39 1. 37 250 0. 88 750 1550 40 0. 21 450 0. 6 950 1300 33 2. 40 500 1. 31 700 1200 40 0. 29 524 0. 98 830 1369 46. 55 Table 12 Demand estimation of N-PSS of top 35 cities of India Population Number Total Population- % representation Representative Annual Annual 20L-40L 5 14329950 13. 6 Gurgaon, 83. 5 117238752 Chandigarh 40L-80L 5 30816617 31. 52 Ahmedabad, 109. 7 190222388 Pune 80L 3 49839421 68. 94 Delhi, 244. 485241953 Mumbai Total 35 126885770 departure bull Energy 47 Monster Energy 12 Rock star Energy 11 Gatorade Sports 85 Powerade Sports 13 Lucozade Sports 1 In India however very few global brands like Red bull, Power House and Gatorade are available. 10.Demand Estimation of Sports and seaworthiness drinks in India 10. 1. Following features of sports and fitness drinks consumer could be used to estimate the demand of these drinks 1. These are consumed by relatively rich class and upper middle class people. 2. Sports drinks are popular among 15-30 yrs while fitness drinks popular among 30-60 yrs people. 3. These are sporty in nature and try to adopt the sporty culture very fast, so they like to wear brands related to sports. 10. 2. U. K sports drink market The U. K sports drinks market was estimated to be of 110 mn ltrs in 2006 by Zenith international, a market research agency. Per capita annual consumption has increased from 0. ltrs in 2000 to 1. 8 ltrs in 2006. Following graph shows the Per Capita Consumption of Sports Drinks in U. K. Figure 12 Per capita consumption of sports drinks in U. K pic The growth in per capita consumption can be understood from following diagram. Figure 13 Growth of U. K sports drink market pic From the above diagram it is quite evident that the growth rate was ve ry high initially around 2000-02 but it declined in subsequent years and almost remaining constant at 13-14%. This pattern could be used to further project the demand. 10. 3 Some of the assumptions being made for demand calculations are 1. The pattern of consumption of U.K has been used as an indicator. 2. Adoption of sporty culture has been considered as a comparing parameter. 3. Per Capita annual Income of U. K people has been used to identify the potential consumer. 4. The relationship between Per Capita annual Income and Per capita annual consumption has been used to find out demand for similar kind of Indian consumers. 5. Urban population has been considered only. 10. 4 Steps followed 1. The relationship between PCI and PCC for U. K consumer is estimated using guileless regression analysis. The relationship was significant and the model was robust. The relationship obtained is PCC (Ltrs) =-2. 51175+0. 00123PCI (PPP) 2. The segment of population having comparable income to PCI of U. K is found out from secondary data available at www. ncaer. org. The PCI data is converted from nominal to PCI -PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) in clam terms using 1$ =Rs 42 as conversion factor. 3. innovation factor for PCI (nominal) to PCI(PPP)=Current PCI (PPP) of India/Current PCI(nominal) of India=$4031/$885 =4. 55 4. The Urban population be to age group 15-30 yrs and 30-60 yrs has been taken from www. censusindia. net . For both the population 0. 6 multiplication factor has been used assuming all males and only 20% of the females as the customers. 5.The adoption of sporty culture has been calculated from the responses of the consumers while conducting consumer survey. The brands like Nike, Adidas, and Reebok have been used for this purpose. 50% of the consumers were of this category. So to the total consumers estimated in clapperclaw 4, 0. 5 has been figure to obtain the potential customers. 6. By using the relationship in step 1 and Income from step 2, PCC of sports drinks can be calculated. This has been multiplied by the number of potential customers obtained in step 5. This will give the total demand of the sports and fitness drinks. Following table shows the demand of Sports and Fitness drinks in Urban India.Table 14 Calculated Demand of SFD in India pic 1. Amul Capabilities To understand whether Amul could be able to tap this lucrative market, following capabilities have been analysed 1. Availability of raw materials-whey 2. Technical capabilities. 3. Marketing capabilities. 11. 1. Availability of raw materials-whey Currently the sources of whey for Amul are Paneer, Shrikhand and Cheese. Following table shows the current availability of the whey for Amul. Table 15 Sources of whey in Amul pic As mentioned in the above table, the annual growth rate for cheese, paneer and shrikhand demand could be used to project the availability of whey in next five years.Based on following information the gap between the availability of whey and its demand could be estimated 1. One Kg of whey protein could be obtained from 143 kgs of liquid whey as liquid whey has 0. 7% whey protein. 2. The sports and fitness drinks will have 5% whey protein. 3. The average whey protein concentration of the N-PPS demand calculated is 55%. Figure 14 The future projections of Whey production in Amul pic Following table shows the aggregated gap between the availability and total demand of whey protein based sports and fitness drinks and N-PPS. Table 16 Estimation of gap between the production of whey and demand of whey based substances (N-PPS/SFD). Lakh ltrs Lakh ltrs Whey proteins Demand- Whey protein Equivalent NPPS Year per day Available available(MT) 55% (MT) Content Whey(Lakh ltrs) (MT) 2007 2. 19 658 461 2374 1306 1865. 3 2008 2. 91 872 610 2843 1564 2233. 8 2009 3. 88 1164 814 3419 1880 2686. 4 2010 5. 21 1562 1094 4130 2272 3245. 2011 7. 03 2109 1477 5011 2756 3937. 2 (Continued horizontally) SD/FD Total Whey Required Diffe rence % Whey availability (lakh Ltrs) (Lakh ltrs) (Demand-Supply)-MT 67 1932 1274 34 163 2397 1525 36 285 2972 1808 39 438 3683 2121 42 628 4565 2456 46 Thus the whey available is able to meet around 35% of the total demand of N-PPS and SFD. 11. 2. Amul Technical Capabilities sizing of the Whey processing plant Amul currently does not possess any whey processing plant. As there is availability of whey already, to solve efficiently i. e. leverage upon economies of scale it will have to divert some milk for whey production.It has been observed that the whey processing plant in India is having handling capacity between 5-10 lakh ltrs per day . The capital investment on these plants have been from 60-100 crores. Assuming the plant of capacity 10 lakh ltrs/day, the amount of whey generated will be 67% i. e. 6. 7 lakh ltrs. So the initial difference would be 4. 5 lakh ltrs of whey i. e. 6. 7 lakh ltrs of Skim milk (S. M). Assuming Amul to capture share of 50% of current demand, t he capacity required after 5 years hence will be around 8 lakh ltrs of whey i. e. 12 lakh ltrs of S. M. So ideally the plant handling capacity could be 12 lakh ltrs per day. Table 17 Realisation from spin-off plant at current market price. Qty(Kg) Price(Rs) Total(Rs) Skim Milk (S. M) 100 13 1300 Casein 2. 7 350 945 Whey protein-35 2. 00 250 500 Lactose 3. 40 100 340 Realisation on S. M 485 % Realisation on S.M 37 All other emailprotected% 325 top realisation 160 % Net realisation 12. 31 For 10 lakh ltrs milk per day or assuming 300 working days, the net realisation will be Rs 48 crores. The investment made on the plant is around Rs 120 crores for 10 lakh ltrs plant. Return on capital employed would be=48*100/120=40%. Currently Amul has two facilities for product development 1.Vidya Dairy ,Anand 2. Khatrej Cheese Plant 11. 3. Marketing capabilities of Amul For product like Protein Supplements and sports and fitness drinks it is very important to assess the mark eting capabilities before accounting entry the product as these products require non-conventional distribution channel and promotion activities. 11. 3. 1 Analysis of Amul as a brand It is very important to understand the popularity of Amul Brand among the potential customers. This will indicate the acceptance of Amul products. The analysis include consumer survey. The consumers were asked the question what Amul is known for. The responses were scaled from 1 to 7, 1 being ompletely disagree, and 4 being neither agree nor disagree and 7 being completely agree. The responses have been summarised below. Table 18 Amul as a brand Features of Amul brand Mean Median Mode Remarks Quality 6. 15 6 6 powerfully Agree Fair Price 6. 08 6 6 potently Agree Value for money 5. 93 6 6 powerfully Agree Amul market leader 5. 5 6 6 powerfully agree Availability of product 5. 59 6 5 Strongly Agree Big company entry 4. 2 4 4 Dont agree Amul fit into sports nutrition 5. 3 5 5 Somewhat agree Amul c apability 5. 28 5 5 Somewhat agree Existing Distribution/Branding 4. 53 5 6 Somewhat agree From above table it is evident that most of the consumers strongly agreed that Amul is known for its quality, value for money, fair price, and availability of products. Amul can become market leader is well accepted by the consumers. However the challenge lies in fitting the Amul brand into sports nutrition and identifying suitable distribution channels for such products. The consumers also hinted that by creating awareness this problem could be sorted out 2. Market entry strategy for Amul It has already been determine that the whey business is highly lucrative both as a commodity and in mass market. However sustenance of profitability with less risk lies in mass market. Amul should take the advantage of being the first mover into this category in India .It can leverage upon its brand. The market entry will include following marketing decisions Market segment cross customers Positioning Product, Price, Place and Promotion related decisions. 12. 1 Market class The market for these products i. e. Non-Pharma Protein Supplements (N-PPS) and Sports and Fitness drinks (SFD) could be segmented on the basis of age, location, lifestyle, income, mansion category etc. The segmentation for N-PPS has been shown in the following table. Table 19Market segmentation for N-PPS pic Similarly the segmentation for SFD consumers could be done as follows. Table 20 Market segmentation for SFD. Age group 15-30 yrs for sports drinks,30-60 yrs for Fitness drinks Sex Male/female, mainly male Place Urban trading Upper middle class, Rich class Occupation of the head of the family mediate to senior executives, Professionals Household category A1,A2 Clothes and sports Reputed, branded, sporty Culture Westernization 12. 2. Target segment This is very important as it gives idea about those customers which have maximum potential to purchase these products. To accurately identify the target customers for N-PPS, Discriminant analysis (see below) was done . The results show that those customers who have very high Value for property (VFM) are most likely to buy these products.So the target customers for N-PPS will be 20-25 years old, gym- goer males. picpic Eigen value, Wilds Lambda and significance were 0. 71, 0. 58 and 0. 00 respectively which shows that the model is robust. Here 1 and 2 signify those customers who will buy and will not buy Amul products respectively. Initially the target customers for SFD will be high income category gym going p